ME-102

Engineering Graphics
Lecture #: 8
Orthographic Writing & Reading,
Tangency & Intersection

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences &
Technology
 DEFINITION
Orthographic writing is the process of presenting the
object’s Geometric features with the help of the
orthographic views.
Reading a drawing is the process of recognizing the shape
of an object by interpreting the orthographic views.

Orthographic
Writing

Orthographic
Reading
 STEP 1 : Orient the Object
The object should be placed in its natural position.
The object should presents its features in actual
size and shape in orthographic views.

GOOD NO !
 STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The object’s longest dimension should be presented as a
width.

First choice Second choice

Waste more space

Inappropriate GOOD
 STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The adjacent views that are projected from the selected
front view should appear in its natural position.

Inappropriate
 STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.

GOOD Inappropriate
 STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.

GOOD

Inappropriate

GOOD
Inappropriate
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the minimum number of views that can
represent the major features of the object.
Necessary Hole’s location can be
specified on the same view.
Easy to understand

Difficult to interprete.

Necessary
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.

POOR

Not enough space

for dimensioning.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.

GOOD
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Flat part having a uniform thickness.

1 Thick

Unnecessary These 2 views provide only information

about the part thickness !
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Cylindrical-shaped part.

Unnecessary
Repeat !

Infer from CL

Unnecessary
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
There exists an identical view.

Repeat !
Unnecessary
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.

Unnecessary
TWO-VIEW DRAWING

Unnecessary
 Orthographic Reading
Objects are Analyzed by Close Consideration of
solid geometric primitives and their surfaces.

Some of familiar solid objects

Rectangular prism

Cylinder

Negative cylinder (Hole)

 BASIC IDEA
Objects are decomposed into solid geometric
primitives.

Some of familiar solid objects

Cone

Pyramid

Sphere
 READING STEPS
1. Orient yourself with the views given.
(Choose the viewing direction.)

2. Read the individual surfaces that appeared in

each view and related to each other.

3. Create a proper solid geometric primitive from

each reading.

4. Assembly all of solid geometric primitive

according to orthographic views.
 EXAMPLE A

Given Composition
Rectangular prism
Hole

Front View
 EXAMPLE B

Given Composition
Rectangular prism
Cylinder

Front View
 EXAMPLE C

Given Composition
Cylinder with a blind
hole.
L-shaped with round
end
Hole
 EXAMPLE D
Composition
Given
Wedge
 EXAMPLE D
Composition
Given
Wedge
L-shaped block
 GUIDANCE 1
Adjacent areas that are not in the same plane must be
separated by lines.

Different plane
Same plane
Line
exists

Edge view

Edge view
 EXAMPLE
Top view
B
All surfaces A, B and
A C are not in the same
C plane.

Some of possible objects’ shape.

A A A
B
B B
C C C
 TANGENT & INTERSECTION
No line is formed when curved surface tangent
to a plane surface.
Line is formed when curved surface intersects
a plane surface.
No line

tangent intersect

No line

tangent intersect
 TANGENT & INTERSECTION

limiting element

tangent tangent
tangent
intersect plane
 TANGENT & INTERSECTION
tangent

No line tangent
intersect

tangent tangent

No line No line tangent

tangent
End of Lecture 8
Thank you….