TUGAS HSE

KELOMPOK 2
Afianto Suryo

Hasan

Yulinar Pramesti Cahyani

 EXAMPLE 1

Liquid Discharge through a Hole

Calculate the discharge rate of a liquid through a 10

mm hole, if the tank head space is pressurized to 0,1
bar gauge. Data : Liquid density = 490 kg/m3

Scheme :
 For liquid discharges, Eq. 2.10 applies. The 2-K method will be
used to determine the frictional components. Points 1 and 2
denote the initial and final reference points.

ASSUMED DATA

• 2 m liquid head above the • D = 10 mm

hole = 0,01 m
• No pumps or compressors • P1 =0,1 bar gauge
Ws = 0 • P2 = 0 bar gauge
• v1 = 0 • 𝞀liq = 490 kg/m3
• Nre > 10.000 • z1 = 2 m
• The hole form is circle • z2 = 0 m
 SOLUTION

1. Eq. 2.10 page 26

Applying these assumptions, Ws = 0 & v1 = 0 and multiplied with gc, Eq. 2.10
reduces to
 SOLUTION

2. For Nre > 10.000 in page 27 the excess head loss for the fluid entering the
hole is Kf = 0,5. For the exit, Kf = 0,1. Thus, ∑Kf = 1,5 and from Eq. 2.2 page
22
 SOLUTION
3. The hole area is

4. The term in the above equation are as follows

 SOLUTION
Subtituting the terms into Eq. 2.10

Solving gives v2 = 5,7 m/s

Then
 EXAMPLE 2

Liquid Trajectory from a Hole

Consider again Example 1. A stream of liquid discharging from a hole in a tank will
stream out of the tank and impact the ground at some distance away from the tank.
In some case the ;iquid stream could shoot over any diking designed to contanin the
liquid.

a.) If a hole is 3 m above the ground, how far will the stream of liwuid shoot away
from the tank?

b.) At what point on the tank will the maximum discharge distance occur? What is this
distance?
3m
 SOLUTION (A)

Diketahui :
h=3m
g = 9.8 m/s2

Untuk Free Fall, waktu yang dibutuhkan:

t = 2ℎ/𝑔

2 𝑥 3𝑚
= 9,8 𝑚/𝑠2

= 0,7824 s
Kecepatan keluar dari lubang ( v2 ) yakni sebesar 5,7 m/s
Kecepatan didapatkan dari persamaan 2.10
𝑃2−𝑃1 𝑔 1 𝑊𝑠
+𝑔𝑐 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + 2𝑔𝑐 (v22- v12)+σ 𝑒𝑓 + =0
𝜌 𝑚ሶ
1 1,5
• - 20,4 - 19,6 + v22 + v22 =0
2 2
5
• - 40 = - v22
4
• v2 = 5,7 m/s
Untuk menentukan jarak dari cairan mengenai
permukaan tanah menggunakan persamaan
kecepatan GLB
s = v2.t
= 5,7 m/s x 0,7824 s
= 4,46 m

Sehingga diperoleh jarak dari cairan mengenai

permukaan tanah sebesar 4,46 m dari dasar tangki
 SOLUTION (B)

𝑷𝟐−𝑷𝟏 𝒈 𝟏 𝑾𝒔
+ 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + (v22- v12)+σ 𝒆𝒇 + =0
𝝆 𝒈𝒄 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒎ሶ

Substitusi ke Persamaan
s = v2.t dan t = 𝟐𝒉/𝒈

Lalu untuk mencapai maksimum, persamaan tersebut

disama dengankan 0, sehingga diperoleh persamaan

1 𝑔𝑐 𝑃𝑔
ℎ= 𝐻+
2 𝑔𝜌
Untuk mencapai jarak maksimum,
1 𝑔𝑐 𝑃𝑔
t = 2ℎ/𝑔 dan ℎ = 𝐻+
2 𝑔𝜌

Disubtitusi ke persamaan
s = v2.t

sehingga didapatkan
𝐻 + (𝑔𝑐 𝑃𝑔 /𝑔𝜌)
𝑠=
1 + Σ𝐾𝑓
Untuk menentukan posisi lubang sehingga jarak
horizontal yang diperoleh maksimum, maka
digunakan rumus:

𝒎
𝒌𝒈 𝟐 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝟏 𝒔 × 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂 × 𝟏
𝟏 𝑵 𝑷𝒂
𝒉= 𝟓+ = 𝟑, 𝟓𝟒 𝐦
𝟐 𝒎 𝒌𝒈
𝟗, 𝟖 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝟑
𝒔 𝒎
Untuk menentukan jarak terjauh dari posisi lubang
tersebut menggunakan rumus:

𝟕, 𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝒔= = 𝟒, 𝟒𝟖 𝒎
𝟐, 𝟓
 EXAMPLE 3

Liquid Discharge through a Piping System

Figure 2.11 shows a transfer system between two tanks. The system is used to transfer a
hazardous liquid. The pipe is commercial steel pipe with an internal diameter of 100-mm with a
total length of 10 m. the piping system contains two standard, flanged 90o elbows and a
standard, full-line gate valve. A 3-kW pump with an efficiency of 70% assist with the liquid
transfer. The maximum fluid height in the supply tank is 3 m, and the elevation change
between the two tanks is as shown in Figure 2.11.
Data : Fluid density (ρ) = 1600 kg/m3
Fluid viscosity (μ) = 1.8 x 10-3 kg/m.s
 Data yang digunakan :

Guessed discharge velocity : 7,74 m/s

Fluid density : 1600 kg/m3
Fluid viscosity : 0,0018 kg/m.s
Pipe diameter : 100 mm
Pipe roughness : 0,046 mm
Point 1 Pressure : 0 Pa
Point 2 Pressure : 0 Pa
Point 1 Velocity : 0 m/s
Point 1 Height : 13 m
Point 2 Height : 0 m
Pipe length : 10 m
Net pump energy : 2,1 kW
 Data yang digunakan :
• Pipe roughness

• Net pump energy = 70% x 3 kW = 2.1 kW = 2100 W

Data yang digunakan :

Fittings
 Dari tabel diperoleh :
Fittings Number K1 K-infinitely

Elbows 2 800 0,25

Valves 1 300 0,1

Inlet 1 160 0,5

Exit 1 0 1
 HASIL PERHITUNGAN

 Bilangan Reynolds = 687702

 Friction Factor = 0.0043
Pipe Area = 0.0079 m2
A = ¼ x π x Dpipe2
= ¼ x π x (0.1 m)2
= 0.0079 m2
 FITTINGS AND PIPE K FACTORS

Elbows
𝐾1 25.4 800 25.4
Kf = 𝑁 + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 (1 + 𝐼𝐷 ) x 2 = 687702 + 0.25 (1 + 100 ) x 2 = 0.6299
𝑅𝑒 𝑚𝑚

Valves
𝐾1 25.4 300 25.4
Kf = 𝑁 + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 1 + 𝐼𝐷 = 687702 + 0.1 (1 + 100 ) = 0.126
𝑅𝑒 𝑚𝑚

Inlet
𝐾1 160
Kf = 𝑁 + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 = 687702 + 0.5 = 0.500
𝑅𝑒

Exit
𝐾1 0
Kf = + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 = +1 = 1.000
𝑁
𝑅𝑒 687702

Pipe
4𝑓𝐿 4 𝑥 0.0043 𝑥 10
Kf = = = 1.718
𝐷 0.1
Total = 3.974
Sehingga dapat disimpulkan :

Elbows = 0,628

Valves = 0,126

Inlet = 0,500

Exit = 1,000

Pipe = 1,720

TOTAL = 3,974
 Mechanical Energy Balance Terms

𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝟎−𝟎
Pressure = = = 0.00
𝝆 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
Height = g (z2 – z1) = 9.8 (0-13) = -127.49
Point 1 velocity = 0.00
𝒗𝟐 (𝟕.𝟕𝟒)𝟐
Fittings / Pipe =𝑲𝒇 𝒙 ( ) =3.974 𝒙 ( ) =118.92
𝟐 𝟐
𝑾𝒔 𝑾𝒔 −𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎
Pump = = = = -21.60
ṁ 𝝆 𝒙 𝒗𝟐 𝒙 𝑨 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟕.𝟕𝟒 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗
Total = -30.17
Dengan Trial and Error diperoleh
Calculated Discharge Velocity = 7.77 m/s
Velocity difference = -0.03 m/s
Resulting mass discharge rate = 97.61 kg/s
 EXAMPLE 4

Gas Discharge Through a Hole

Known
Propane through a 10 mm hole at T = 25C P= 4 barg
(5,01 bar abs)
Propane heat capacity ratio = 1,15
Propane vapor pressureat 25C = 8,3 barg
Asked
Calculate discharge rate
Solution :
a. Determine phase of discharge
b. Determine flow regime, i.e., sonic or subsonic
𝒌
( )
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝟐 𝒌−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏,𝟏𝟓/𝟎,𝟏𝟓
= = = 𝟎, 𝟓𝟕𝟒
𝒑𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝟐, 𝟏𝟓
C. Determine the flowrate
The area of this discharge is
𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑨= = 𝟕, 𝟖𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝟒
So, the flow rate is
𝒌+𝟏
𝟐 (𝒌−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐,𝟏𝟓/𝟎,𝟏𝟓
𝒌+𝟏
= 𝟐,𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟑𝟓

Assume a Discharge coefficient CD= 0,85,

(𝒌+𝟏)/(𝒌−𝟏)
𝒌𝒈𝒄 𝑴 𝟐
𝒎 = 𝑪𝑫𝑨𝑷𝟏
𝑹𝒈 𝑻𝟏 𝒌 + 𝟏

𝒌𝒈
(𝟏, 𝟏𝟓)(𝟒𝟒 )(𝟎, 𝟑𝟓𝟓)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 𝟕, 𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂
(𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝑷𝒂 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝑲)(𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)

𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
The upstream gas Density
𝒌𝒈
𝑷𝟏. 𝑴 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑷𝒂 (𝟒𝟒 )
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝝆𝟏 = = = 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐠𝐦𝟑
𝑹𝒈. 𝑻 𝒎𝟑
(𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝑷𝒂 )(𝟐𝟗𝟖𝑲)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝑲

𝟐𝒈𝒄𝝆𝟏 (𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐)

𝒎 = 𝒀𝑨
σ 𝑲𝒇

𝑘𝑔
2 8,90 𝑥 (2,88 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
𝑚3
𝑚 = 0,614 7,85 𝑥 10−5 𝑚2
1,5

𝑚 = 0,086 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
 EXAMPLE 5

Condition :
- Ptank : 20 bar gauge
- Pamb : 0 bar gauge
N2 - T : 298 K
- a + b : 10 m
- d pipa : 5 mm
- Elbow : standard threated 90 o (4 buah)
- Valve : fully open
a - Fase : gas
v?

b
 Ditanyakan :
Laju alir massa nitrogen saat keluar dengan
menggunakan 2 metode
1.Menggunakan persamaan orifice discharge
dan asumsikan ukuran lubang sama dengan
diameter pipa
2.Menggunakan adiabatic flow model
 Metode 1 : Persamaan Orifice Discharge
• Asumsi discharge koefisien, CD = 0,85
• Menghitung luas area pipa
𝝅 × 𝑫𝟐 𝝅 × (𝟓𝒎𝒎)𝟐
𝑨= = = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟔 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
• Menghitung nilai x
(𝒌+𝟏) 𝟐,𝟒
𝟐 (𝒌−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟎,𝟒
𝒙= = = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟑𝟒
𝒌+𝟏 𝟐, 𝟒
• Menghitung laju alir massa keluar
𝒌+𝟏
𝒌 𝒈𝒄 𝑴 𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
𝒎𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒌𝒆𝒅 = 𝑪𝑫 . 𝑨 . 𝑷𝟏
𝑹𝒈 𝑻𝟏 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒎𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒌𝒆𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒓
𝟐𝟖𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏, 𝟒 (𝟎, 𝟑𝟑𝟒)
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 (𝟏, 𝟗𝟔 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐 𝟔
𝟐, 𝟏 . 𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂 √
𝑷𝒂 . 𝒎𝟑
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 (𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)
𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑲
= 𝟎, 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
 Metode 2 : Model Aliran Adiabatis
 Untuk steel pipe komersial, diketahui ɛ = 0,046 mm
Sehingga persamaan menjadi
𝝐 𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎
= = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
𝑫 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Asumsi : aliran turbulen yang berkembang seluruhnya
 Menghitung Faktor Frikh
𝟏 𝟑, 𝟕
= 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟒𝟐
𝒇 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
𝒇 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟏
Energi yang hilang yang berlebih dikarenakan panjang pipa :

𝟒 ×𝒇 × 𝑳 𝟒 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝒎
𝑲𝒇 = = = 𝟕𝟑, 𝟕
𝑫 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎
Pada elbow ekspektasi kecepatan melepas tinggi
𝑲𝒇 = 𝑲∞
Pada tabel 2.4, Kf = 0,4 setiap elbow dan Kf = 0,1 setiap ball valve
Dampak dari gas yang meningalkan pipa Kf = 1
 Metode 2 : Model Aliran Adiabatis

 Menghitung total Kf
Oleh karena itu total Kf :
෍ 𝑲𝒇 = 𝟕𝟑, 𝟕 + 𝟒 𝟎, 𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟎, 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟓

 Menghitung tekanan ke-2

Pada persamaan di tabel 2.7 K = 1,4 ; Kf = 76,5

𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
= 𝟎, 𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟏
𝑷𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓
 Mencari densitas pada kondisi upstream dengan faktor ekspansi Y = 0,716

𝒌𝒈
𝑷𝟏 × 𝑴 𝟐, 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂 (𝟐𝟖 )
𝒌𝒈 . 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝝆𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟑, 𝟕 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟑
𝑹𝒈 × 𝑻 𝑷𝒂 . 𝒎𝟑
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 (𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)
𝒌𝒈 . 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 . 𝑲
 Metode 2 : Model Aliran Adiabatis

• Substitusi pada persamaan 2.19

𝟐 𝒈𝒄 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
𝒎=𝒀𝑨
σ 𝑲𝒇

𝟐𝟑, 𝟕𝒌𝒈
𝟐 𝟐, 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂 − 𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂
𝒎𝟑
𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝟏, 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝟕𝟔, 𝟓

𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
 Destilat
(C3H8)

C3H8
EXAMPLE 6

T= 298 K
P = 95 bar
gauge

Residu
(C3H8)

 Heat Capasity (Cp) : 2230 J/kg.K

 Discharge Coeffisient (𝑪𝑫 ) : 0,85
 Liquid Density (𝝆) : 490 kg/𝒎𝟑
 Volume change on vaporization (V) : 0,048 𝒎𝟑 /kg
 Heat of Vaporization (𝒉𝒇𝒈) : 𝟑, 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J/kg
 Critical Pipe Length(𝑳𝒄) : 0,1 m
Parameter equibrium (N) untuk L= 10 cm (Eq. 2.26)
𝒉𝟐𝒇𝒈 𝑳
𝑵= +
𝟐∆𝑷𝑪𝟐𝑫 ʋ𝟐𝒇𝒈 𝑻𝑪𝒑 𝑳𝒄
𝟐
൬𝟑, 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ) 𝟏𝟎
𝑵= +
𝟐 × (𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ) × 𝟒𝟗𝟎 × 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓𝟐 × 𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟐 × 𝟐𝟗𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟎, 𝟏

𝑵 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏

Menghitung Equilibrium Mass Flux (Eq. 2.25)

𝒉𝒇𝒈 𝒈𝒄
𝑮𝑬𝑹𝑴 =
ʋ𝒇𝒈 𝑻𝑪𝒑

𝟑, 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝒈
𝑮𝑬𝑹𝑴 = 𝑮𝑬𝑹𝑴 = 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎, 𝟑
𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝟐𝟗𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝟐 𝒔
 Menghitung Subcooled Mass Flux (Eq. 2.24)

𝑮𝑺𝑼𝑩 = 𝑪𝑫 . 𝟐. 𝒈𝒄 𝑷 − 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕 . 𝝆𝒇
𝑮𝑺𝑼𝑩 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟗𝟎 × 𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟕 × (𝟗𝟓 − 𝟗𝟓൯
𝒌𝒈
𝑮𝑺𝑼𝑩 = 𝟎 𝟐
𝒎 𝒔

Menghitung Kecepatan keluaran Massa Dua Fase (Eq. 2.23)

𝑮𝟐𝑬𝑹𝑴 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎, 𝟑𝟐
𝒎ሶ = 𝑨 𝑮𝟐𝑺𝑼𝑩 + 𝒎ሶ = 𝟏 𝟎𝟐 +
𝑵 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏

𝒌𝒈
𝒎ሶ = 𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟓, 𝟗𝟎
𝒎𝟐 𝒔
 Didapatkan data

0 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm

non equilibrium
0,01 0,51 1,01 1,51
parameter

subcooled mass flux 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

equilibrium mass
8510,30 8510,30 8510,30 8510,30
flux

mass flux 82763,45 11910,44 8465,90 6924,46

 EXAMPLE 7

Gas Discharge due to External Fire

Calculate the gas relief through a relief valve for an
uninsulated propane tank with 5 m2 surface area that
is exposed to an external pool fire.

Data : Surface area = 5 m2 = 53,8 ft2

Environment factor = 1
Latent heat of vaporization hfg = 333 kJ/Kg (Perry
and Green, 1984)
1 Btu/hr = 2,93 x 10-4 kJ/s
 SOLUTION

1. Estimate the heat flux into the vessel due to

external fire
Qf = 𝟑𝟒, 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑭𝑨𝟎,𝟖𝟐
= 𝟑𝟒, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏 (𝟓𝟑, 𝟖)𝟎,𝟖𝟐 Btu/hr
= 𝟗, 𝟎𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Btu/hr Note :
This rate is higher than
= 𝟐𝟔𝟓, 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒔 would be predicted by the
API 520/521 method and,
after an initial period, it may
2. Calculate venting rate not be sustained
Qf 𝟐𝟔𝟓,𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒔
ṁ = = = 0,797 Kg/s
hfg 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝑲𝒈
THANK YOU