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DC – AC Converters
Inverters
30-03-2019
Series Inverter
di1 1
L Ri1 i1dt vC (0) VS
dt C
i1 (0) 0
vC (0) VC
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 4
R
t
i1 (t ) A1e 2L
sin r t
1
1 R2 2
r 2
LC 4 L
di1 Vs Vc
A1
dt t 0 r L
Vs Vc t
i1 (t ) e sin r t
r L
R
2L
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 5
To find the time when the current is
maximum, set the first derivative = 0
di1
0
dt
Vs Vc
cos r t 0
t t
e sin t e
r L
r r
.....
r
tan r tm
1 r t m
tan r t m
1 1 r
tm tan
r 2
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 6
To find the capacitor voltage, integrate the
current
t
1
vC1 (t ) i1 (t )dt Vc
C0
1 Vs Vc t
t
vC1 (t ) e sin r t dt VC
C 0 r L
...
vC1 (t ) (Vs VC )e t ( sin r t r cos r t ) / r Vs
0 t t1m ( ) The current i1 becomes = 0 @
r t=t1m
vC1 (t1m ) VC1 Vs VC e r
Vs
i2 (t ) 0
vC2 (t ) VC1
vC2 (t2m ) VC2 VC1
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 9
t2m
di3 1
L Ri3 i3dt vC3 (0) 0
dt C
i3 (0) 0
vC3 (0) VC2 VC1
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 11
VC1 t
i3 (t ) e sin r t
r L
t
1
vC3 (t ) i3dt VC1
C0
VC1 e t ( sin r t r cos r t )
vC3 (t )
r
0 t t3 ( )
r
m
• L1 = L2 = L = 50μH
• C = 6μF
• R = 2Ω
• Vs = 220V
• fo = 7kHz
• tq = 10μs
1
Tr 116 s
fr
R 2
6
20, 000
2 L (2 50 10 )
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 18
Determine the turn-off time toff
toff
0 r
toff
43,982 54,160
toff 13.42 s
1
f max
2 tq
r
1
f max
6
2 10 10
54,160
f max 7352 Hz
Vs 220
VC
20
100.4V
r 54.16
e e
VC1 Vs VC 220 100.4 320.4V
V pp VC VC1 100.4 320.4 420.8V
Vs VC tm
i1 (t tm ) e sin r tm i1max
r L
1 r 1
tm tan
r
1 1 54.16
tm tan 22.47 s
54,160 20
220 100.4 (0.02)(22.47)
i1max e sin(54,160 22.47 106 )
0.05416 50
i1max 70.82 A
1 2
T
1 2
T
I o i1 (t )dt i3 (t )dt
T 0 T 0
I o 44.1A
Po I R 44.1 (2)
2 2
o
Po 3,889W
Po
Is
V
3,889W
Is 17.68 A
220V
T
2
1
I A io (t )dt 17.68 A
T 0
I p 70.82 A
44.1A
IR 31.18 A
2
D Inverter A
C C
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 43
External Control of AC Output Voltage
AC Voltage Control
The output voltage of the inverter is
controlled by using an AC voltage controller.
The output contains more harmonics when
the output voltage is low.
Hence it is rarely used.
V0 VO
2
ϴ
V0
1
Ar >
AC
Ar <
AC
𝜸
𝝅 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒅
= +
𝟑 𝟐
April 11, 2019 NIT Calicut 54
Multiple Pulse Modulation
𝑑 1 3𝑑
8𝑉𝑠 sin 𝛾 sin sin 𝜔𝑡 − sin 3𝛾 sin sin 3𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑜 = 2 3 2
𝜋 1 5𝑑
+ sin 5𝛾 sin sin 5𝜔𝑡 … . .
5 2
8𝑉𝑠 𝑑
𝑉𝑜1 = sin γ sin sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋 2
8𝑉𝑠 𝑑
𝑉𝑜1𝑚 = sin γ sin −−−−− −𝐵
𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚
𝑚 =
𝑉𝑐
• Using α1 and α2, voltages of 7th, 9th and 11th harmonics are found as,
• In this method, the inverters are de-rated by 13% but this is less
compared to the previous method
Step I
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝑹𝑵 =
𝟑
𝟐. 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = −𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = −
𝟑
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = 𝟎
𝑽𝑩𝑵 =
𝟑
Three Phase VSI (180 Degree Mode)
Step II
𝑽𝑹𝑵 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒔
𝟐. 𝑽𝒔
=
𝟑 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = 𝟎
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = −
𝟑
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = −𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝑩𝑵 = −
𝟑
Three Phase VSI (180 Degree Mode)
Step I
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝑹𝑵 =
𝑽𝒔 𝟐
𝟐 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = − 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = −
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝒔
𝟐
𝑽𝑩𝑵 = 𝟎 𝑽𝑩𝑹
𝑽𝒔
=−
𝟐
Three Phase VSI (120 Degree Mode)
Step II
𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝑹𝑵 = 𝑽𝑹𝒀 =
𝑽𝒔 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒀𝑵 = 𝟎 𝑽𝒀𝑩 =
𝟐
𝑽𝒔
𝟐
𝑽𝑩𝑵 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = −𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒔
=−
𝟐
Phase Voltage Line Voltage
Step
VRN VYN VBN VRY VYB VBR
- -
I Vs/2 -Vs/2 0 Vs
Vs/2 Vs/2
II Vs/2 0 -Vs/2 Vs/2 Vs/2 - Vs
- -
III 0 Vs/2 -Vs/2 Vs
Vs/2 Vs/2
IV -Vs/2 Vs/2 0 - Vs Vs/2 Vs/2
- -
V -Vs/2 0 Vs/2 Vs
Vs/2 Vs/2
VI 0 -Vs/2 Vs/2 Vs/2 - Vs Vs/2
Three Phase VSI (120 Degree Mode)
Three Phase VSI (120 Degree Mode)
Line Voltages