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1 - Prerenal proteinuria:
Occurs in:
Bence – Jones protein:
This abnormal gamma globulin ( light chains only) is
synthesized by malignant plasma cells (Multiple
myeloma).
It precipitates at 60OC, redissolves at 100OC and
reprecipitates on cooling.
2 - Renal proteinuria: is due to
- Severe muscular exercise
- After prolonged standing (Orthostatic proteinuria)
- Heart failure
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Glomerulonephritis
- Microalbuminuria:
- Presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine
(20 – 200 mg/L) that cannot be detected by ordinary
urine testing & needs special tests for detection.
- It is an early indicator of glomerular affection due to
uncontrolled DM or hypertension.
1 – Diabetic ketoacidosis
2 – Glycogen storage disease
3 – Starvation
4 – Prolonged vomiting
5 – Unbalanced diet: high fat & Low CHO diet
D) Nitrite :
Positive nitrite test is significant of bacteria in urine
E) Choluria : ( Presence of bile in urine)
1 – Bilirubin / Bile salts : in cases of
- Hepatocellular damage.
- Obstruction of bile
ducts either extrahepatic (stone) or
intrahepatic (hepatic tumors)
2 - Urobilinogen:
- Normally present in trace amounts in urine
- Marked in :
F) Blood :
Substance Concentration
K+ 20-70 mEq/L
Pi 20-40 mEq/L
Urea 200-400 mM
Creatinine 6-20 mM
pH 5.0-7.0
Osmolality 500-800 mOsm/kg H2O
Glucose 0
Amino acids 0
Protein 0
Blood 0
Ketones 0
Leukocytes 0
Bilirubin 0
Chemical Examination