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• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.htm
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-HwPR_4mP4 (7mins)
• NGO- 50mins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCSJNBMOjJs&feature=related
Bill- 23mins
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKssFQdZ0k&feature=related
What is continental drift?
Animation link
Matching fossils, mountains, rock
deposits…
Plate Boundaries
1. Convergent Boundaries- crashing
Places where plates crash or crunch together.
2. Divergent Boundaries- pulling apart
Places where plates are coming apart
3. Transform Boundaries-side swiping
Places where plates slide past each other are
More info :
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1.
html
Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundary
• Move plates apart to expose mantle
spreading zone.
• When plates move apart, it creates cracks in
the Earth called rift valley
• Allows hot, melted rock to come up through
the cracks volcano opening is formed
• Sea floor spreading- new sea floor created
• http://geology.com/nsta/divergent-boundary-
oceanic.gif
Seafloor Spreading and Subduction
Convergent Plate Boundary
• Push plates back together until the middle
forms a ridge
• When plates collide they create mountains
this is called a collision zone
• Appalachian mountains – Africa collided with
North America during formation of Pangea
• Destroy sea floor- ocean plates more dense
than land plates, when they converge ocean
plates slide under land plates
3 sub types
• Ocean to ocean
• Ocean to continental
• Continental to continental
• http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plate-
boundaries.shtml
Transform Plate boundary
• Slide the edges of plates against each other
• This horizontal grinding and sliding of the
plates causes earthquakes
• This is called a shearing fault
• A fault is a fracture in the Earth’s crust
• New Madrid Fault- runs along the eastern
border of Missouri
• San Andreas Fault- most studied
Earthquakes
• Fault- break in Earth’s crust preventing it from
sliding
• When it breaks and creates vibrations in crusts
creates earthquakes
• Occur all the time most are too small to feel
• Richter scale- quantify the amount of energy
reassessed by an earthquake or its magnitude
• Smallest magnitude that can be felt is 2.0
• Largest recorded 9.5
• Earthquakes of 7 or greater
cause widespread damage
Where do they occur?
• Take place at the boundaries due to the stress
level
• San Andreas Fault along California (N. American
plate and Pacific plate are slipping)
• We cannot predict when they will occur but
rather the likely hood of where they can occur
• High risk areas we build bridges and buildings
slightly flexible so they can sway when the
ground moves
• http://earthquakestoday.info/
Japan's Tsunami - How it
Happened 2011
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24A8UwpYSs8&feature=related
Volcanoes
• Mountains/ islands built from magma, melted
rock, that comes from the Earth’s core
• Can occur on land or under the sea
• Most active areas is around the pacific Ocean
plate boundaries
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBPwwt0HuVo
Hot Spots
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animatio
ns/ch2.htm
Local Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• Loss of human life
• Clouds of hot ash, dust, gases travel down at
speed of 200km/hr killing everything in its
path
• Can mix with water can create a mudslide
• Destroy buildings, bury crops, damage engines
of vehicles
• Breathing difficulties
Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
Global impact:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TghGWlVN31c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8mAtY-7n-o
Over millions of years, stress
forces can bend rock like a ribbon
or soft dough.
Steady pressures of stress over
long periods of time affect
sedimentary layers and can fold
them into dramatic forms.
Folds
Folds :
During mountain building,
compressional stresses often bend
flat-lying sedimentary rocks into
wavelike ripples called folds.
Folds of sedimentary strata come
in three main types
Anticlines
Synclines
Monoclines
Anticlines and Synclines
Monoclines
Faults
Recall that faults are fractures in
the Earth’s crust along which
movement has taken place.
The rock surface immediately
above the fault is called the
hanging wall.
The rock surface below the fault is
called the footwall.
Types of Faults
Faults
Faults
Normal faults occur due to
tensional stress and reverse and
thrust faults occur due to
compressional stress.
Compressional forces generally
produce folds as well as faults,
resulting in a thickening and
shortening of rocks.
Shearing stresses produce strike-
slip faults.
Faults are classified according to
the type of movement that occurs
along the fault.
Normal Faults
Normal Faults
Reverse Faults:
Thrust Faults:
Strike-Slip Faults:
Strike-Slip Faults: