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THEOREM 14.3.3
If R is a simple polar region whose boundaries are
the rays    and    and the curves r  r1  
and r  r2   , and if f  r ,  is continuous on R, then
 r2  
 f  r,  d A      f  r,  r dr d
R
r1

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Note:
A   dA   r dr d
R R

V   f  x, y  dA   f (r , )r dr d
R R

• To change from Cartesian to polar coordinates:

x  r cos
y  r sin 
dA  r dr d
• A very common error, student always omit the
factor of r in d A  r dr d
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 Cardioid

r  2a 1  cos    r  2a 1  cos   

r  2a 1  sin    r  2a 1  sin   
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Three-Leaved Rose (n is odd, having n petals)

r  a cos  n  r  a sin  n 
Four-Leaved Rose (n is even, having 2n petals)

r  a cos  n  r  a sin  n  5
 The Volume Problem in Polar Coordinates
It can be shown that

V   f  r ,  d A
R

 Finding Areas using Polar Double Integrals

Area of a region R in the xy-plane can be expressed

as
area of R   1d A   r dr d
R R
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Example 1 Sketch the region R inside the circle
r  4sin  and outside the circle r  2.

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Example 2 Find the area inside the curve defined
by r  1  sin  .

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Example 3 Evaluate
 2 1sin
 
0 0
r 2 cos drd

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Example 4 Use a double integral to find the area
enclosed by the graph of r  3cos  3  .

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Example 5 Express the volume inside the sphere
x 2  y 2  z 2  9, and outside the cylinder x 2  y 2  1.
as double integral in polar coordinates.

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 Converting Double Integrals from Rectangular
to Polar Coordinates
Sometimes it easier to evaluate  f  x, y  d A by
R

changing to polar form:

 f  x, y  d A
R
g 2  
f  r cos   , r sin    r dr d


  g1  

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Example 6 Use polar coordinates to evaluate
2 2 x  x2

0 0
x 2  y 2 d y dx.

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