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Some figures were taken from Amyx, Bass and Whiting, Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering (1960).
Average Permeability
• If permeability is not a constant function of space (heterogeneity),
we can calculate the average permeability
– Common, simple flow cases are considered here
• Linear, Parallel (cores, horizontal permeability)
• Linear, Serial (cores, vertical permeability)
• Radial, Parallel (reservoirs, horizontal layers)
• Radial, Serial (reservoir, damage or stimulation)
q
kA
p1 p2
μL
Linear Flow, Pressure Profile
• We can determine how x p(x)
kA
pressure varies along the q ds dp
flow path, p(x), by 0
μ p1
considering an arbitrary qμ x
point, 0x L p(x) p1
– Integral from 0x
kA
OR, equivalently
L p2
kA
q ds
A
dp
μ p(x)
q L 2
1 x
p(x)
p
A
p2
q L 2
1
0
0 x L
x
Linear, Parallel Flow
• Permeability varies across several
horizontal layers (k1,k2,k3)
– Discrete changes in permeability
h h1 h2 h3 hi
– Same pressure drop for each layer
p1 - p2 Δp Δp1 Δp2 Δp3
– Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers
q q1 q2 q3 qi
– Average permeability results in correct total flow rate
kwh
q Δp ; A w h
μL
Linear, Parallel Flow
• Substituting,
kwh k1 w h1 k2 w h2 k3 w h3
q Δp Δp Δp Δp
μL μL μL μL
• Rearranging,
k
k i hi
h
• Average permeability reflects flow capacity of all layers
Linear, Serial Flow
• Permeability varies across several
vertical layers (k1,k2,k3)
– Discrete changes in permeability
L L1 L2 L3 Li
– Same flow rate passes through each layer
q q1 q 2 q3
– Total pressure drop is summation of pressure drop across layers
p1 p2 Δp1 Δp2 Δp3 Δpi
– Average permeability results in correct total pressure drop
qμ L
p1 - p 2 ; A wh
kwh
Linear, Serial Flow
• Substituting,
qμ L q μ L1 q μ L 2 q μ L3
p1 - p2
k w h k1 w h k 2 w h k 3 w h
• Rearranging, L
k
Li
k p1
• If k1>k2>k3, then k
p
– Linear pressure profile in each layer p2
0
0 L
x
Radial Flow, Pressure Profile
q k dp
• Review, Darcy’s Law: vs
– horizontal flow (F=p) A μ ds
q k
dr dp
2π rh μ
rw pw
1 2π kh
q q dr dp
re
r μ pe
q
2π kh
p e p w
rw re
μ ln(r e /rw )
Radial Flow, Pressure Profile
• We can determine how rw
1 2π kh
pw
q μ ln(r e /r)
p(r) p e
2π k h
Radial Flow, Pressure Profile
• Pressure profile is a linear
function of ln(r) for
homogeneous properties
pe
– slope depends on flow rate
p(r)
p
pw
q
0
rw r re
ln(r)
rw re
Radial, Parallel Flow
• Permeability varies across several
(3) horizontal layers (k1,k2,k3)
– Discrete changes in permeability
h h1 h2 h3 hi
– Same pressure drop for each layer
pe - pw Δp Δp1 Δp2 Δp3
– Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers
q q1 q2 q3 qi
– Average permeability results in correct total flow rate
2π k h
q Δp
μ ln(r e /rw )
Radial, Parallel Flow
• Substituting,
2π k h
q Δp
μ ln(r e /rw )
2π k1 h1 2π k 2 h 2 2π k 3 h 3
Δp Δp Δp
μ ln(r e /rw ) μ ln(r e /rw ) μ ln(r e /rw )
• Rearranging,
k
k i hi
h
pw k • Reactive fluids
• Fines migration
0
rw re pe
ln(r)
k1
k
• Stimulation k1>k2 p
– Shown in sketch to the right pw