EEK260

Electrical Machine
DC Machine

Ir. Dr. Nor Asiah Muhamad

Room 1.50
Email: norasiah.m@usm.my
 DC MACHINES
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• Overview of motors
• Principles of DC Machines
• Rotating DC Machines
• Shunt-connected and Separately Excited DC
Motors
• Series-Connected DC Motors
• Speed Control of DC Motors
• DC Generators
Additional ref: Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e
Allan R. Hambley, Pearson
 Objectives:
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At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Select the proper motor type for various

applications.
2. State how torque varies with speed for
various motors.
3. Use the equivalent circuit for dc motors to
compute electrical and mechanical
quantities.
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4. Use motor nameplate data.

5. Understand the operation and characteristics
of shunt-connected dc motors, series-connected
dc motors, and universal motors.
Introduction
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An electrical motor consists of a stationary part, or stator, and

a rotor, which is the rotating part connected to a shaft that
couples the machines to its mechanical load. The shaft and
rotor are supported by bearings so that they can rotate freely.
This is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 An electrical motor consists of a cylindrical rotor that spins inside

a stator.
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 Armature and Field Windings
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• The primary purpose of a field winding is to set up the

magnetic field in the machine. The current in the field
winding is independent of the mechanical load imposed on
the motor (except in series-connected motors).
• The armature winding carries a current that depends on the
mechanical power produced. Typically, the armature current
amplitude is small when the load is light and larger for heavier
loads.
• If the machine acts as a generator, the electrical output is
taken from the armature. In some machines, the field is
produced by permanent magnets (PM), and a field winding
is not needed.
 DC Motors We l e a d

DC motors are those that are powered from dc

sources. One of the difficulties with dc motors is
that nearly all electrical energy is distributed as
ac. If only ac power is available and we need to
use a dc motor, a rectifier or some other
converter must be used to convert ac to dc.
This adds to the expense of the system. Thus, ac
machines are usually preferable if they meet the
needs of the application.
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Exceptions are automotive applications in which dc is

readily available from the battery. DC motors are
employed for starting, windshield wipers, fans, and
power windows.
In the most common types of dc motors, the direction of
the current in the armature conductors on the rotor
is reversed periodically during rotation. This is
accomplished with a mechanical switch composed of
brushes mounted on the stator and a commutator
mounted on the shaft.
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The commutator and brushes:

1. Conducting segments insulated from one another.
2. Each commutator segment is connected to some of
the armature conductors (on the rotor).
3. The brushes are in sliding contact with the
commutator. As the commutator rotates, switching
action caused by the brushes moving from one
segment to another changes the direction of current
in the armature conductors.
Advantages We l e a d

DC machine speed and direction could be

controlled more readily than those of ac
motors.
Working Principle We l e a d
 Principles of DC Machines
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Idealized linear machine shown in Figure 16.6 .

In Figure 3, a dc voltage source VT is connected
through a resistance RA and a switch that closes
at t = 0 to a pair of conducting rails. A
conducting bar slides without friction on the
rails. We assume that the rails and the bar have
zero resistance.
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Figure 3 A simple dc machine consisting of a conducting bar

sliding on conducting rails.
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A magnetic field is directed into the page,

perpendicular to the plane of the rails and the
bar.
Suppose that the bar is stationary when the
switch is closed at t = 0. Then, just after the
switch is closed, an initial current given by iA
(0+) = VT /RA flows clockwise around the circuit.
A force given by f = iA l x B is exerted on the
bar.
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The direction of the current (and l) is toward the

bottom of the page. Thus, the force is directed to
the right. Because the current and the field are
mutually perpendicular, the force magnitude is
given by
f = iAlB
DC Machines Fundamentals We l e a d
Basic Construction
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 Power Flows : DC Motor
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Power flows left to right from a three-phase electrical source into an

induction motor and then to a mechanical load. Some of the power is lost
along the way due to various causes.
 Losses, Power Ratings and Efficiency
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Pin = √3 Vrms Irms cos (θ)

Mechanical output power is

Pout = Tout ωm
in which Pout is the output power in watts, Tout is
the output torque in newton-meters, and ωm is
the angular speed of the load in radians per
second.
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The power rating of a motor is the output

power that the motor can safely produce on a
continuous basis.

For example, we can safely operate a 5-hp motor

with a load that absorbs 5 hp of mechanical
power. If the power required by the load is
reduced, the motor draws less input power from
the electrical source, and in the case of an
induction motor, speeds up slightly.
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It is important to realize that most motors can

supply output power varying from zero to
several times their rated power, depending on the
mechanical load. It is up to the system designer
to ensure that the motor is not overloaded.

The chief output power limitation of motors is

their temperature rise due to losses.
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The power efficiency of a motor is given by

Well-designed electrical motors operating close

to their rated capacity have efficiencies in the
range of 85 to 95 percent. On the other hand, if
the motor is called upon to produce only a small
fraction of its rated power, its efficiency is
generally much lower.