Single Phase Induction Motor

Kh. Muhammad Mashood (05220)

Khawaja Muhammad Abdul Rahman (04614)
Mohammad Awais Zaheer (06706)
Introduction
• Single Phase induction motor is a type of
induction motor which uses single phase AC
supply to stator.
• The single-phase motor stator has a
laminated iron core with two windings
arranged perpendicularly. Main and
Auxiliary Windings.
• The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which
has a laminated iron core with slots.
• Single phase motors are not self starting.
• Alternating field is different from rotating
filed.
Basic Theories
• There are two basic theories which explain why a torque is produced
in the rotor once it is turning:
• Double revolving field theory
• Cross-field theory
Double Revolving Field Theory
• A single-phase AC current supplies the
main winding that produces a pulsating
magnetic field.
• 𝐵 𝑎 = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑤𝑡) cos(𝑎)
• It can be divided into two components
1
• 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑤𝑡 − 𝑎)
2
1
• 𝐶. 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝑎)
2
• The interaction between the fields and the
current induced in the rotor bars generates
opposing torque.
Cross-Field Theory
• This theory is concerned with the
voltages and currents that the
stationary stator magnetic field can
induce in the bars of the rotor
when the rotor is moving.
Starting Mechanism
Many mechanism adopted for this purpose.
Some are discussed here
• Split Phase Winding Motor
• Capacitor Start Motors
• Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
• Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
• Shaded Pole Motor
 Split Phase Winding Motor
• Higher resistance and higher impedance
of auxiliary winding.
• Greater R/X ratio for Auxiliary Winding.
• Current leading in the auxiliary winding
• Centrifugal Switch changes state at 75% of
the rated speed
• Moderater starting torque and low
starting current
Capacitor Start Motors

• Starting torque can be more than 300% of the

rated
• High starting torque
• Used in compressor, pumps, air conditioners
etc.
Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
• Simpler than capacitor-start motor
• Permanent capacitor made it to act like three
phase induction motor
• Lower starting torque
• Starting current much greater than normal load
current.
• Capacitor does not balance the phase under
conditions.
Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
• High starting torque
• Run Capacitor is typically 10 to 20 percent of the
size of the starting capacitor
• Power factor nearly equal to unity
• Used in refrigerator units, compressors etc.
Shaded Pole Motor
• Instead of having auxiliary winding it has salient
poles
• Less starting torque
Efficient Starting Mechanism
Based on the starting and running characteristics the list from best to worst is;
1. Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
2. Capacitor-start motor
3. Permanent Split-capacitor motor
4. Split-phase motor
5. Shaded-pole Motor
Working
SPEED CONTROL (Squirrel-cage motor):
1. Vary stator frequency
2. Change number of poles
3. Change applied terminal voltage

Terminal voltage changed using

1. Autotransformers
2. SRC or TRIAC circuit
3. Resistor in series with stator circuit
Working
SPEED CONTROL (Shaded-pole motor):
• stator winding itself is used as an autotransformer
• when full line voltage "V" is applied across the entire main winding,
• the motor operates normally since
• it is getting its required terminal voltage across
the whole stator windings
• when full line voltage "V" is applied across tap 2,
• an identical voltage V will be induced in the upper half
of the winding by transformer action
• total winding voltage will be twice the applied voltage,
• i.e. 2V
Working
The smaller the fraction of the coil that the line voltage is applied across,
the greater the total voltage will be across the whole winding, and the higher the
speed of the motor will be for a given load
Working
• Advantages:
• Inexpensive
• Only taps and an ordinary multi-position switch needed
• Power efficient
• Lesser power consumption as compared to resistor
• Standard approach for numerous fan & blower applications
Working
Circuit model
• Based on double-revolving-field theory
• When rotor is stalled
• Motor appears to be a single-phase transformer with its secondary shorted
out
• When rotor turns
• Auxiliary winding
• Effective rotor resistance depends
on relative motion b/w rotor &
stator magnetic fields
Working
• However, in this case we have two magnetic
fields
• For the forward magnetic field, per-unit
difference between rotor speed and
magnetic field speed is slip s
• Forward magnetic field rotates at n-sync,
whereas reverse magnetic field rotates at -
(n-sync)
• Per-unit difference 2 (2*n-sync)
• Rotor's speed is ‘s’ slower than forward
magnetic field
• Difference b/w rotor and reverse magnetic
field = (2 - s)
Relations
• Same relations that applied for three phase motor also apply for both forward
and backward components of single phase motor
• Net power and torque is the difference
b/w forward and backward components
Relations
Relations
Conclusions
• Least efficient then 3 phase induction motor.
• Not self starting
• Direction of Rotation cannot be reversed without some changes
• Non rotating type alternating flux in single phase induction motor.
Current research areas
• Alternating starting mechanism
Solid State Electronic Drivers (uses silicon controlled rectifiers)
this mechanism can be used with PID (Proportional Intergral
Derivative) Control Techniques to provide rotor speed regulation for
wind and solar powered SPIMs.
References
• http://www.industrial-electronics.com/elecy4_22.html
• http://www.electrical4u.com/single-phase-induction-motor/
• http://www.electrical4u.com/types-of-single-phase-induction-motor/
• Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4th Edition, Stephen J. Chapman
• http://www.slideshare.net/vijayraskar2003/1phase-induction-
motors?related=1
Suggestions
• The lab handouts should be more elaborative.
• The labs should be not so long that student always run to complete
the lab and don’t bother to learn.