Few Basics

• Real Power (P)

• Reactive Power (Q)

• Frequency (F)

• Voltage (V)
Real Power & Frequency
 Question No: 1
• Case 1:
 5000 MW Generation, 5000 MW load, Frequency : 50
Hz

• Case 2:
 5000 MW Generation, 5000 MW load, Frequency : 52
Hz

• Case 3:
 5000 MW Generation, 5000 MW load, Frequency : 48
Hz
 Question No: 2
• Case 1:
 What will happen if load is suddenly increase from
5000 MW to 5200 MW.

• Case 2:
 What will happen to the generator if the load is
suddenly rejected?

• Case 3:
 How long it will take for a generator to attain its rated
speed if it started at no load?
Answer

Swing Equation
 Swing Equation

H dώ = Pm – P e
ΠF dt
 Real Power & Frequency
• 50 HZ frequency shows that the total generation is equal to
load plus losses at that particular moment.

• Frequency will rise for increase in generation or reduction in

loss

• Frequency will fall for increase in load or reduction in

generation

• Change in frequency is uniform throughout the system

Reactive Power & Voltage
 Reactive Power & Voltage
• Voltage will increase if you inject the reactive power.

• Voltage will decrease if you draw reactive power

• Change in Voltage is not uniform unlike frequency

• Voltage will increase drastically where reactive power is injected

• Voltage will increase slightly in near by locations

• No significant change in remote locations

Ferranti Effect
 What is Ferranti Effect
• Long or Very Long, No load or lightly loaded, HV / EHV line
receiving end voltage is higher than the sending voltage
because of shunt capacitance.

• Only in AC

• Unloaded line act as reactive power source where as heavily

loaded line act as reactive power sink.
Surge Impedance Loading
 Surge Impedance Loading
• Reactive power loss in series reactance (Inductance) is low
compare to Reactive power injection by shunt admittance
(Capacitance) during no load (Net reactive Source)

• Reactive Power Loss I2XL

• Reactive Power Injection V2/XC

• Reactive power loss increases and Reactive power injection

decreases when the load is increases
 Surge Impedance Loading
• If you keep on increase the load, One particular load the
reactive power loss in series reactance (Inductance) will be
equal to Reactive power injection by shunt admittance
(Capacitance)

• Transmission line neither generate nor absorb reactive power

at this loading. This is called surge impedance loading

• If you increase the load further the line will absorb more
reactive than it is generating (Will become reactive power
sink)
What is good Power Factor for 400 kV
 Good Power Factor
• 0.8 ???

• 0.9 ??

• 0.95?

• Power factor recommended for 400 kV system is 0.99 or 0.98

Impact of Cable
 Impact of Cable
• Cable capacitance is very high compare to transmission line
and hence the reactive power generation / absorption greatly
depends on the load

• Since the Reactive power generation / absorption influence

the voltage profile, it is very difficult if not impossible to
maintain the voltage profile with long cables

• Hence it is strongly recommended to go for DC {HVDC} if the

length of cable exceed approximately 20 km.
 Queries?
(If you have energy)
Feedback may be addressed to
selvaspecial@gmail.com

+91 83443 35488

Thank You