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POLAR COORDINATES

Learning Objectives
1. locate points in a polar coordinate system
2. convert the coordinates of a point from rectangular to
polar form and vice versa
3. solve situational problems involving polar coordinates
Polar Coordinates
θ > 0 counterclockwise
θ < 0 clockwise
r > 0 on actual ray
r < 0 on the "other side" of the ray

(r, 𝛉)
Here are some points in the polar coordinate system:
𝜋
1. P 2,
4

𝜋
2. R −3,
6

2𝜋
3. Q 5,
3
Polar to Cartesian
(r, 𝛉)
x2 + y2 = r2
𝐱 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐲 = 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
if x ≠ 0
𝐲
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 =
𝐱
Find the Cartesian coordinates of the point whose polar
coordinates are given

1. 2,
4
3π 2
x = 2 cos = 2 − = −1
4 2

y = 2 sin

= 2
2
=1 (−1, 1)
4 2

2. −4, −
3
2π 1
x = −4 cos − = −4 − =2
3 2
2π 3 (2, 2 𝟑)
y = −4 sin − = −4 − =2 3
3 2

3. 3, π
x = 3 cos π = −3 −1 = −3 (−3, 0)
y = 3 sin π = 3 0 = 0
Find a set of polar coordinates for the point whose Cartesian
coordinates are given
1. 2, −2
r= 22 + (−2)2 = 2 2
tan θ = − = −1
2
θ=−
π 𝝅
2 4 2 𝟐, −
𝟒
2. −18, −6 3
r= (−18)2 +(6 3)2 = 6 9 + 3 = 12 3
𝟒𝝅
−18 4π 12 𝟑,
tan θ = = 3 θ= 𝟑
−6 3 3

3. 0, 45
r = 02 + 452 = 45
x π 𝝅
cot θ = = 0 θ= 45,
y 2 𝟐
Analysis of Graphs

r = a, where a is a constant
centered at pole with radius |a|

θ = α, where α is a constant
line passing thru pole, making an
α radians with the polar axis
Analysis of Graphs

r = 2a cosθ + 2b sinθ
Sketch the graph of the following polar equations
1. r = 5

2. r = 6cos θ
r = 2acosθ + 2bsinθ where (a,b) = (3, 0)

3. r = 6sec θ
r cos θ = 6
Exercises
Find the rectangular coordinates for the given
3π 5π
1. 6, − 2. −3,
2 3

Find a pair of polar coordinates for the given


3. (5, -5) 4. (0, 12)
5. Convert to polar form: y = −5

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