Understanding Parts of Computer

Technology in Action
Chapter 2
Looking at Computers:
Understanding the Parts
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0

Chapter Topics
• Understanding Your Computer
• Input Devices and Output Devices
• Processing, Memory, and Storage
• Ports and Power Controls
• Setting It All Up

Learning Outcomes
• To explain major functions of a computer system.
• To differentiate between data and information.
• To describe types of computers.
• To explain hardware components of a computer.
• To distinguish between hardware and software.
• To explain data and information processing in a
computer.
• To express various ways in controlling power.
• To explain various ways in minimizing risk of injury.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2

Understanding Your Computer:
Computers are Data Processing Devices
• Perform four major

functions
– Input: Gathers data,
enter data
– Process: Manipulates,
calculates, or organizes
data
– Output: Displays data
and information
– Storage: Saves data
and information

Computers are Data Processing Devices
• Data: Representation of a fact, figure, or idea
– Each student’s test result.
– Name of a student
• Information: Data that has been organized or presented
in a meaningful fashion(collection of data)
– Attendance list (consists of group, date, course, student’s name,
attendance etc)
• Processing: manipulating, calculating, or organizing data
into information.

Bits and Bytes: The Language of Computers
• Everything a computer does is broken

down into a series of 0s and 1s.
• Bit
– Binary digit
– 0 or 1
• Byte
– Unique combinations of 8 bits of 0s and 1s

Name Abbreviation Number of Bytes
Byte B 1 byte
Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes (210)
Megabyte MB 1,048,576 bytes (220 bytes)
Gigabyte GB 1,073,741,824 bytes (230 bytes)
Terabyte TB 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (240 bytes)
Petabyte PB 1,125,899,906,842,62 bytes (250 bytes)
Exabyte EB 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes (260 bytes)
Zettabyte ZB 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes (270 bytes)

• A combination of hardware and software

processes data
– Hardware: any part of the computer you can touch
– Software
• Application software
-The set of programs to help you carry out tasks
• System software
-The set of programs that enables your computer’s hardware
devices and application software to work together
-Operating system (OS)

Types of Computers
• Two basic designs of
computers
– Portable
• Tablet computers
• Laptop or notebook computers
• Netbooks
• Ultrabooks
• Tablet (convertible) PCs
– Stationary
• Desktop computers
• All-in-one computers
Types of Computers
• Mainframe
– Supports many users simultaneously
– Handle many programs running at the same time (slower
compared to supercomputer)
• Supercomputer
– Performs complex calculations extremely rapidly
– Execute many programs as fast as possible
• Embedded
– Self-contained computer devices performing dedicated
functions (mobile phone, mp3 player, GPS)

Check Your Understanding
What exactly is a computer, and what are its four
main functions?
Computers are devices that process data. They help organize,

sort, and categorize data to turn it into information.
A computer’s four major functions:

• Input: Gather data, or allow users to enter data.
• Process: Manipulate, calculate, or organize that data.
• Output: Display data and information in a form suitable for
the user.
• Storage: Save data and information for later use.

What is the difference between data and

information?
• Data is a representation of a fact or idea
– The number 3 and the words televisions and
Sony are pieces of data
• Information is data that has been
organized or presented in a meaningful
fashion
Differentiate between Mainframe, Super Computer and Embedded
Computer.
• Mainframe
– Supports many users simultaneously
– Handle many programs running at the same time (slower compared to
supercomputer)
• Supercomputer
– Performs complex calculations extremely rapidly
– Execute many programs as fast as possible
• Embedded
– Self-contained computer devices performing dedicated functions
(mobile phone, mp3 player, GPS)
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Input Devices
• Devices used to enter data and instructions

into the computer
• Examples of input devices
 Keyboards to enter typed data and commands
 Mouse to enter responses and commands
 Microphone to input sounds
 Scanner to input nondigital text
 Digital camera to input digital images
 Stylus to tap commands or draw on screen

Input Devices:
Keyboards
• Touch screen keyboards
• QWERTY layout
• Wireless keyboards
- work via radio frequencies
• Bluetooth technology
- wireless transmission standard that connects devices such as
smartphones, tablets, and laptops to peripheral devices
• Alternative keyboards
– Flexible keyboards
– Virtual laser keyboard

Input Devices:
Mice and Other Pointing Devices
• Optical mouse
– Internal sensor or laser detects movement
– Moves pointer on the screen
• Wireless mouse
– Optical and trackball
– Data sent by radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth
technology
• Touch pad or trackpad
- a small, touch-sensitive area at the base of the
keyboard.

Input Devices:
Mice and Other Pointing Devices
• Game controllers send data to computer
Joysticks
Game pads
Steering wheels
• Most are wireless to provide extra mobility

• Force-feedback joysticks and steering wheels
deliver data in both directions. (eg: machine gun,
the stick would vibrate in your hands)

Input Devices:
Image Input
• Digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones
– Capture pictures and video
• Scanners
– Create digital image
• Webcams
– Capture and transmit
live video
– Used for videoconferences

Input Devices
Sound Input
• A microphone (mic) captures sound waves
and transfer them to digital format
• Sound input allows
– Video conferencing
– Audio conferencing
– Chatting with friends or family over the Internet
instead of using a phone
– Recording podcasts
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 18

Input Devices:
Sound Input
• Unidirectional (1-direction)
• Omnidirectional (all direction
at once)
• Bidirectional (from front and
back of the mic)
• Clip-on microphones
• Close-talk microphones
(attached to a headset- eg:
telephones,
videoconferencing)

Output Devices
• Send data out of the computer
– Text
– Pictures
– Sounds
– Video
• Examples
– Monitors
– Printers
– Speakers and earphones

Output Devices:
Monitors
• Liquid crystal display (LCD)
– Flat panel
– Light and energy efficient
• Light-emitting diode (LED)
– More energy efficient than
LCD monitors
– Better color accuracy and
thinner panels
• Organic light-emitting diode
(OLED)
– Use organic compounds
that produce light

Output Devices:
Monitors
• How LCD monitors work
– Screens are grids made up of millions of tiny dots
called pixels
– Each pixel is composed of red, blue, and green
subpixels (and sometimes yellow)
– Two or more sheets of material are filled with liquid
crystal solution
– Crystals block or let light shine through to cause
images to form on the screen

Output Devices:
Monitors
• Choosing an LCD Monitor
- Aspect ratio: width to height proportion
– Resolution : number of pixels displayed on
screen
– Contrast ratio : difference in light intensity
between brightest white and darkest black

Output Devices:
Monitors
Choosing an LCD Monitor
- Viewing angle : distance in degrees from which
you can move to the side of (or above or below)
a monitor
- Brightness : greatest amount of light showing
when the monitor is displaying pure white
- Response time : time it takes for a pixel to
change color

Output Devices:
Monitors
• 27-inch monitor
– 2560 × 1440 pixels
• 21.5-inch monitor
– 1680 × 1050 pixels
• Blu-ray movies
– Require at least 1920 × 1080 pixels

Output Devices:
Monitors
• Built-in features
– Speakers, webcams,microphones( on laptop)
– Multiformat memory card reader
– USB ports
• Projectors
– Entertainment projectors

Output Devices:
Printers
• Impact Printer
– Has tiny hammer-like keys that strike the paper
through an inked ribbon to make marks on the
paper.
– Eg: dot-matrix
• Nonimpact printer
– Sprays ink (eg: inkjet printers) or uses laser
beams (eg: laser printers) to transfer marks onto
the paper.
• Nonimpact printers have replaced impact
printers almost entirely
Output Devices:
Printers
• Inkjet
– Affordable
– High-quality color
– Quick and quiet
• Laser
– Faster printing
speed
– Higher quality
printouts
– More expensive
Output Devices:
Printers
• Wireless printer
– No wires
– Several people can print to same printer from
different places
– Two types – WiFi and Bluetooth
• Range of up to approx. 300 feet
• WiFi sends data more quickly
– Allows you to print from portable devices

Output Devices:
Printers
• All-in-one printer
– Functions as printer,
scanner, copier, and fax
• Plotter
– Used to print oversize
images
• Thermal printer
– Emerging as popular
technology for mobile
and portable printing

Output Devices:
Printers
• Selecting a printer
– Primary printing need first
• Speed (pages per minute)
• Resolution (dots per inch)
• Color output
• Cost of consumables

Sound Output
• Speaker is output device for sound
– Inexpensive speakers come with computers
– Surround-sound speakers
– Wireless speaker systems
• Headphones or earbuds avoid distracting
others

What are bits and bytes, and how are they

measured?
• Computers use binary language,
consisting of two numbers: 0 and 1
• Each 0 and each 1 is a binary digit, or bit
• Eight bits equals one byte

What devices can I use to get data into the computer?
• Input devices enter data (text, images, and sounds) and
instructions (user responses and commands) into a computer
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Touch screens
– Stylus
– Scanners
– Digital cameras
– Camcorders
– Webcams
– Microphones

What devices can I use to get information out of the computer?
• Output devices enable you to send processed data out of your
computer
– Text, pictures, sounds, or video
– Monitors
– Printers
• Inkjet
• Laser
• All-in-ones
• Plotters
• Thermal printers
– Speakers

Processing and Memory on the
Motherboard
• Motherboard: Main circuit
board containing central
electronic components of the
computer
• CPU
• ROM, RAM, and
cache
• Slots for expansion
cards
• Network interface
card (NIC)

Processing and Memory on the Motherboard:
Memory
RAM ROM
Random access memory Read-only memory
• Stores instructions and • Stores startup instructions
data • Permanent (nonvolatile)
• Series of several memory storage
cards or modules
• Temporary (volatile)
storage

Processing
• Central Processing Unit
– CPU or processor
– “Brains” of the computer
– Controls all functions of the computer’s
components
– Processes all commands and instructions
– Billions of tasks per second

Processing
• CPU Performance Measures
– Processor speed measured in hertz (Hz)
• Megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
– Number of cores
• Single
• Dual
• Quad
• Eight

Storing Data and Information:
Hard Drives
• Primary device for permanent storage
• Holds stored programs and data
• Internal hard drive
– Inside the system
– Holds all permanently stored programs and data

Hard Drives
• External hard drive
– Outside the system
– USB or FireWire port
• Solid-State Drive (SSD)
– No moving parts
– No noise
– Emits little heat
– Requires little power
– Less likely to fail

Hard Drives
Permanent storage devices
are located in your desktop
or laptop computer in a
space called a drive bay.
• Internal drive bays
– Reserved for internal
hard drives
• External drive bays
– House CD or DVD
drives
– Notebook expansion
attaches external drive
via USB port
External hard drives
• External hard drives
– Large portable
storage needs
– Small and
lightweight
– Attach to computer
via USB port
– Care must be taken
when transporting

Cloud Storage
• Cloud storage : to use a service that keeps your files
on the Internet (in the “cloud”) rather than storing
files solely on a local device.
• cloud storage service requires the software or an
app is installed on the device.
• Types of Cloud Storage
– Dropbox
– OneDrive
– iCloud
– Google Drive

Flash Storage
• Flash drive—jump drive, USB drive, thumb
drive
– Solid-state flash memory
– No moving parts
– Significant storage
capacity
– USB
– Appears as another disk
drive
• Wireless flash drives
Flash Memory
• Flash memory card
– Convenient
– Portable
– Solid-state flash memory
– Transfer data between devices

Optical Storage
• Compact discs
(CDs)
– Audio files
• Digital video discs
(DVDs)
– Store more data
than CDs
• Blu-ray discs (BDs)

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer
• A port is a place through which a

peripheral device attaches to computer
• Many ports are located on the back of the
computer
• Some commonly used ports are placed on
the front and sides for easier access

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer:
High-Speed and Data Transfer Ports
• Thunderbolt Ports
– Developed by Intel
– Fiber optic technology
– Transfer speeds up to 10 GB/s

• Universal serial bus (USB) is the most common port type
used to connect input and output devices to a computer
• USB 2.0 port is current standard
– Transfer data at 480 megabits per second
• New USB 3.0 standard provides transfer speeds that are
10 times faster
– Should quickly become the port of choice

• FireWire 800
– Doubles rate to 800 Mbps
• Declining in popularity

Connectivity and Multimedia Ports
• Connectivity port
– Access to networks and the Internet
• Ethernet port
• Audio ports
– Connect headphones, microphones, speakers

• Video ports
– Connect monitors and multimedia devices
– Video graphics array (VGA) - port to connect
older LCD monitors
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• Digital video interface (DVI): Ports used to connect

newer LCD monitors and other multimedia devices
• Video ports
– Connect monitors and multimedia devices
– High-definition multimedia interface (HDMI)
– Digital connector for use in HD home theater
environments

Adding Ports: Expansion Cards and Hubs
• Expansion cards
– New port standards
• Expansion hubs
– Connect several devices
to a port

What’s on the motherboard?
• Motherboard - the main circuit board,
contains:
– CPU
• Performance of a CPU is affected by:
– Speed of the processor (measured in GHz)
– Amount of cache memory
– Number of processing cores
– RAM
– ROM
– Slots for expansion cards

Where are information and programs

stored?
• Permanent Storage Devices
– Hard drive
– Flash drive
– DVD drive
– Cloud storage

How are devices connected to the computer?

• Ports
– Thunderbolt
– USB
– FireWire
– Ethernet
– HDMI
– Audio (microphones, speakers, headphones)

Power Controls
• Power supply transforms wall voltage to voltages
required by computer chips
• Cold boot: Powering on your computer from a
completely turned-off state

Power Controls
• Turning off your computer

– Stress on computer vs. wasting electricity
– Power-management settings
– Windows 8 power-management options

Power Controls
• Sleep Mode
– Main method of power
management in Windows 8
– Documents, applications, data
remain in RAM
• Hibernate
– Similar to Sleep
– All data is stored on hard drive
– Computer is powered off
• Warm boot
– Restarting the system while it’s
powered on

Setting It All Up
• Ergonomics refers to how you set up your

computer to minimize risk of injury,
discomfort, or eyestrain
• Guidelines to follow
– Monitor position
– Adjustable chair
– Proper position while typing
– Take breaks
– Adequate lighting
Setting It All Up
• Mobile computing and injury prevention

Setting It All Up
• Devices for People with Disabilities

– Voice recognition
– Larger key keyboards
– Display screen keyboards
– Specialized input consoles
– Keyboards designed for one hand
– Special trackballs
– Head-mounted pointing devices
What’s the best way to turn my computer on and off and
when should it be done?
• Cold boot - power on your computer from a completely
turned-off state
• With the power-management options of Windows 8,
you only need to shut down your computer completely
when you need to repair or install hardware in the
system unit or move it to another location
• If you use your computer only for a little while each
day, it would be best to power it off completely after
use (to save electricity)

How do I set up my computer to avoid strain and injury?
• Ergonomics refers to how you arrange your computer
and equipment to minimize your risk of injury or
discomfort
– Appropriate monitor position
– Adjustable chair
– Assuming a proper position while typing
– Adequate lighting
– Do not stare at the screen for long periods
– Take frequent breaks
– Ergonomic keyboards

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permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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Technology in Action

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• Understanding Your Computer

• Input Devices and Output Devices

• Processing, Memory, and Storage

• Ports and Power Controls

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• Perform four major

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• Everything a computer does is broken

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Name Abbreviation Number of Bytes

Zettabyte ZB 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes (270 bytes)

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• A combination of hardware and software

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Computers are devices that process data. They help organize,

A computer’s four major functions:

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What is the difference between data and

• Devices used to enter data and instructions

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• Most are wireless to provide extra mobility

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What are bits and bytes, and how are they

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• A port is a place through which a

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• Digital video interface (DVI): Ports used to connect