AGENDA :

 Hydraulic Centrifugal Pumps Principle

 Hydraulics Pumps Theory
 GRUNDFOS pumps Products and
Application (Brief)

 GRUNDFOS Sanitary Pumps Centrifugal

 GRUNDFOS Sanitary Lobe-Pumps
Basic Hydraulic
Basic Pump Theory
Bernoulli's equitation :
 HEAD

Head is a mentioned the measurement of the height of the

liquid column the pump created from the kinetic energy the
pump gives to the liquid

Many Different Types of Pump Head

>Total Static Head – Total head when the pump is off

> Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) – Total head when the
pump is on

> Static Suction Head – Head on suction side, with pump of, if the head is
higher than the pump impeller

Unit to measure head meter of water or feet

CONVERTING HEAD TO PRESSUREC

P (psi) = H (ft) x sg/2.31

P (bar) = H (m) x sg/9.81

Where
Sg = specific gravity
 CONVERTING VELOCITY TO HEAD

H= V 2 / (2xg)

Where

g = gravity 9.81
 CAPACITY

The amount of fluid the pump will move is determined

mainly by the width of the impeller and the shaft speed

Capacity in normally measured in

Cubic meters per hour 3

(m /hr)
Gallons per minute (gpm)
Liters per second (l/s)
Liters per minute (l/m)
Cubic feet per second (cu.ft/s)
 BRAKE HORSEPOWER

The amount of the real horsepower going into the pump, not the
horsepower used by the motor.
Terms : kilowatts (kW) or horsepower (HP)

FLUID BHP = H x Q x Sp.gr./(3960 x efficiency)

Where H = feet in liquid

Q = capacity in GPM
Efficiency = %

FLUID KW = L/S X M X S.G / 101.97

FLUID KW = M^3/H X M X S.G / 367
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is an indicator of the energy loss in the pump.
It represent the ratio of the energy imparted by the pump to the
liquid to the energy obtained by the pump at the pump shaft

There are two definitions of a pump’s best efficiency point :

% The point where the power going into the pump is the closest to the power
coming out
% The point where the pump shaft experiences the latest amount of vibration

Actual head is less than ideal because of friction

losses
Hact = Hm/Hi x 100
Pump efficiency

Optimising of hydraulics:
Axial balancing: 3.0%
 Minimize internal leakage between different
pressure zones Volute: 11.5% Disc friktion: 2.5%

- leakage is loss, energy used to re-circulate liquid

 Avoid whirling motion

- energy used to move liquid in circles

 Avoid peak velocities

- differences in velocity create whirling motion

 Physical laws Leak flow: 2.9% Impeller: 8.9% Inlet: 0.6%

- nq, optimal relation between pressure and flow, per stage
Pump efficiency
Internal sealing – avoid internal leakage
Eta

70

60

50

40

%
30

20

Very tight tolerance 10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
m³/h

Tight pump (theoretical) Pump with 1/10 mm gap Pump with 3/10 mm gap

Floating seal ring => No gap => No leakage

Pump efficiency
Hydraulic optimising of impeller

Rotation

Rotation

Arrow = Velocity
Colour = Pressure
Pump efficiency
Hydraulic optimising of impeller

Rotation

Rotation

Arrow = Velocity
Colour = Pressure
Pump efficiency
Physical laws

Average 0 to 4 m³/h pump:

rpm flow
nq  head0.75  factor  flow
pressure

nq = 20

Increased nq = increased efficiency

CR 1 / CR 3 / CR 5:
If nq increases from ... efficiency increases by

20  30  5% nq = 30
30  40  1%

40  50  0.2%
Reduced surface => reduced friction
Pump efficiency
CR hydraulics

State-of-the-art:
 Optimised efficiency
 Optimised NPSH
 Optimised air handling

Laser welding

Guide
vanes
Pump Efficiency - Attainable

Attainable efficiencies of volute casing pumps – Eruopumps [1999]

 AFFINITY LAW
CHANGING THE PUMP SPEED

The affinity law for a centrifugal pump with the

impeller diameter held constant and the speed
changed :

Flow : Q1/Q2 = n1/n2

Head : H1/H2 = 2
(n1) /(n2) 2

Power : P1/P2 = 3
(n1) /(n2) 3

Were Q = capacity
H = head
P = Power
n = Pump speed
System Curve (System Characteristic)
How does it affect the pumps in systems?

X Pump 2 X
Pump 1

100 % Flow 200 % Flow

Question:
Customer bought the same identical pump as the existing single
pump being installed expecting to double the flow rate, after
installations, he complain that there is not enough flow, the 2
pumps installed do not give the flow rate as promise in the
catalog, Why ?
System Curve (System Characteristic)
How does it affect the pumps in systems?
The new duty point
System characteristics
H
X

X Pump 2 X
Pump 1

Q
Pump no 1 Pump no 2

Check the system characteristics !!!!

1+1 may not be equal to 2
System Curve (System Characteristic)
So how do we know whether is there problem with the system?
The new duty point

H System characteristics

X Pump 2 X
Pump 1

Q
50% flow 100 % Flow

Check both duty points

System Characteristics
How do determine the system curve
Calculations?
H

100%

HTDH = HST + HF
Q
100%
Pipe Losses

Ways of frictional Losses calculations:

1. Friction losses table (Grundfos)

2. Basic calculations using William Hazen Equations for straight pipes

3. By using Darcy whiesbac equation and or

4. Using K x V2/2g for fittings.

Pipe Losses
Pipe Losses (Using Grundfos Table Losses)
Simple Exercise1 : Using Grundfos Table Loss)

Therefore :

TDH = Friction Loss + Static Head

TDH = ? M + ? M

TDH = ?? m
Pipe Losses

Pipe Diameter ?

Flow (Q) ?
c
1. Pipe Length

2. Pipe Diameter

3. Pipe Material

4. Nos. of fittings (elbow/bends etc)

5. Flow rate through the pipes.

Pipe Losses (using GRUNDFOS table losses)
Exercise 1 : (Using GRUNDFOS Table Losses)

100 m
90 deg. Elbow

Pipe Diameter = 100 mm

25 m
35 m
c

Flow (Q) = 10 L/s

3m
c 5m

Pipe Material: DICL

Static pressure = 15 m
Pipe losses (Using William Hazen Equations)

Simple Exercise1 : Using William Hazen Equations)

3.3 x 6
10 .Q 1.852

H =
d2.63 xC

Where: H : Frictional Loss per 100 m for straight pipes)

Q : Flow rate (L/s)
d : Inner diameter (mm)
C : Roughness Coefficient
Pipe losses (Using William Hazen Equations)
Table of Hazen William Coefficients (HWc has no units)

Material HWc Material HWc

Asbestos Cement 140 Copper 130-140
Brass 130-140 Galvanized Iron 120
Brick sewer 100 Glass 140
Cast Iron Lead 130-140
New unlined 130 Plastic 140-150
10 yr. Old 107-113 Steel
20 yr. Old 89-100 Coal-tar enamel lined 145-150
30 yr. Old 75-90 New unlined 140-150
40 yr. Old 64-83 Riveted 140
Concrete-lined
Darcy-Weisbach equation :

hf = f * ( L / D) * (V2 / 2 * g).
Liquid Characteristic

Temperature Density
(°C) (kg/m³)
0 999.8
5 1000
20 998.2
40 992.2
60 983.2
80 971.8
100 958.4
Viscosity

Velocity=v
Temperature Dynamic F
(°C) viscosity Velocity
eta (
(Pa x s) profile b
x 1/1000 b
0 1.787
5 1.519
20 1.002
40 0.653
60 0.467
80 0.355 v
F =   ---  A
100 0.282
b
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
There are two components that must be considered :

 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)

The net positive suction head required is a function of the pump design at the
operating point on the pump performance curve

 Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA)

The net positive suction head available is a function of the pump suction system

The Net Positive Suction Head is the absolute total suction head in feet or meter
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HAED:

The NPHS available in flooded suction system is

Atmospheric Pressure (-) Vapor Pressure (+) Liquid Height (-)

Friction in the Suction Line
The NPHS available in suction lift system is

Atmospheric Pressure (-) Vapor Pressure (-) Liquid Height (-) Friction
in the Suction Line
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

If the NPSHA < NPSHR

CAVITATE
End of Presentation