OVERVIEW OF

PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION

Prepared by:
MARLO DE VERA
RONALDO V. TOLENTINO
MMPA - Policy Formulation
 OUTLINE
A. WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY
1. SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
2. PURPOSE
3. ISSUES AND INTEREST
B. MAJOR TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICIES
C. COMPONENTS OF POLICY CREATION
D. THE POLICY SYSTEM
E. STEPS IN MAKING PUBLIC POLCIES
F. THE POLICY PROCESS
WHAT IS PUBLIC
POLICY?
• Means by which a government maintains
order or address the needs of its citizens
through actions defined by its constitution
PUBLIC POLICY
• Goal-directed course of action, taken by government, to
deal with a public problem.

• Governments use public policy to solve social

problem (housing, welfare), to counter threat (crime,
illegal drugs), or to pursue an objective (revenue
generation).
 DEFINITIONS OF SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

 POLICY ISSUE – a disagreement or conflict among policy

actors about an actual or potential course of action

 POLICY PROBLEM – an unrealized need, value, or

opportunity which, however identified, may be attained
through public action

 POLICY ENVIRONMENT – the specific context in which

events surrounding a particular issue occur
• POLICY FORMULATION – the development and synthesis of
alternative solutions for policy problems

• POLICY EVALUATION – the policy-analytic method used to

produce information about the value or worth of past and /or
future courses of action

• POLICY ADVOCACY – the use of policy-relevant information

to make policy claims and offer reasoned arguments about
possible solutions for problems. Policy advocacy is a way to
make normative statements, not to issue prescriptions,
commands or orders of various kinds
 POLICY ALTERNATIVE – a potentially available course of action
that may contribute to the attainment of values and resolution of a
policy problem
 POLICY ANALYSIS – an applied discipline which uses multiple
methods of inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy-
relevant information that may be utilized in political settings to
resolve public problems
 POLICY OUTCOME – an observed consequence of a policy action
 POLICY STAKEHOLDERS – individuals or groups who have a stake
in policy because they affect and are affected by government
decisions
 POLICY SYSTEM – the overall institutional pattern within which
policies are made. has three elements: public polices, policy
stakeholders and policy environments
PURPOSE
• seek to achieve a goal that is considered to be the best
interest of all members of society

• enables the public to measure the achievements of the

government

• democracy becomes more visible and goals of

deliberation, consensus and awareness are achieved
PUBLIC ISSUES/INTERESTS
• Peace & Order • Social Welfare
• Education • Poverty
• Foreign Policy • Employment
• Health • Infrastructure
MAJOR TYPES OF PUBLIC
POLICY
• REGULATORY PUBLIC POLICY
• DISTRIBUTIVE POLICY
• REDISTRIBUTIVE PUBLIC POLICY
REGULATORY PUBLIC POLICY

• Main goal is to maintain order and prohibit behaviors that

endangers the society

• Government accomplishes this goal by restricting citizens,

groups, or corporations from engaging in those actions that
negatively affect the political and social order
REGULATORY PUBLIC POLICY Cont…
• Another goal of regulatory policy is to protect economic
activities and business markets by prohibiting industry
from practicing activities detrimental to the free market,
such as creation of monopolies.

• Evident in the use of laws designed to protect the workplace

and the environment
DISTRIBUTIVE POLICY
• aimed at ensuring proper distribution of opportunities,
goods, services among different sections of society

• uses tax revenues to provide benefits to individuals or

groups by means of grants or subsidies
REDISTRIBUTIVE PUBLIC POLICY

• Main purpose is to promote equality

• Government redistributes societal wealth

from one group to another group
COMPONENTS IN POLICY CREATION
PROBLEM- issue that needs to be addressed

PLAYER- individual or group that is

influential in forming a plan to address the
problem in question

POLICY- finalized course of action decided

upon by the government
 THE POLICY SYSTEM
ELEMENTS AND RELATIONSHIPS
POLICY
STAKEHOLDERS

POLICY PUBLIC
ENVIRONMENT POLICIES
 THE POLICY SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENT OF POLICY MAKING

• Two Broad Categories Of Environment

• Intra-social or Societal
• Extra-societal
 INTRA-SOCIETAL ENVIRONMENT

• PHYSICAL OR GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS – climate,

topography, land and water resources, location
• TECHNOLOGY – level of technological development or backwardness
• SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – urban and rural
disparities, standards of living, income and wealth distribution
• DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE – population size, age distribution,
ethnic differentiations, spatial distribution
• POLITICAL SYSTEM AND CULTURE – democratic, authoritarian,
capitalistic, socialistic
 EXTRA-SOCIETAL ENVIRONMENT

• GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS – globalization, ICT, terrorism

• MULTILATERAL, BILATERAL INSTITUTIONS
• INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER
• FOREIGN AND TRANSNATIONAL INVESTMENTS AND
CORPORATIONS
• INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, TREATIES, SUMMITS
• OTHER COUNTRIES
 ACTORS IN POLICY MAKING

• Other terms used: Policy Makers, Stakeholders,

Influence Wielder, Implementors, Analysts –
depending on the stage of the policy process they are involved
in

• Stakeholders have stake in a policy because they affect and are

affected by governmental decisions – e.g., Citizens’ groups,
labor unions, NGOs, business groups, government agencies,
political parties, etc.
 ACTORS IN POLICY MAKING
 OFFICIAL ACTORS
◦ have legal authority to make policies- legislators, executives,
administrators, judges
◦ Primary and Secondary Actors
 CONGRESS, PRESIDENT, JUDICIARY
 BUREAUCRATS, ADMINISTRATORS, ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES

 UNOFFICIAL ACTORS
◦ interest groups,
◦ lobby groups,
◦ political parties,
◦ citizens,
◦ media,
◦ church
STEPS IN MAKING PUBLIC POLICIES

1. Identify problem that needs improvement or solution

2. Develop alternative solutions that can improve or solve the
problem
3. Adopt an alternative or combination of alternatives
4. Implement the adopted policy
5. Evaluate the effect of the policy on the problem it addressed &
on the people affected
POLICY AND THE ROLE OF
GOVERNMENT

MA. SUSAN S. GAMBALAN

“
POLICY AS A GENERAL COURSE OF ACTION IS AIMED
AT CERTAIN GOALS, OCCUPIES A CENTRAL AND
CRUCIAL ROLE IN GOVERNMENT – AS A
CONSEQUENCE OR OUTPUT OF POLITICS, AS A CAUSE
OR GUIDE OF ADMINISTRATION, AND AS A MIRROR OF A
COMMUNITY’S POWER AND ASPIRATIONS.
ROMEO B. OCAMPO
 THE POLICY PROCESS
Problem
Definition and
Agenda Setting

Policy Policy
Evaluation Formulation

Policy Policy Adoption /

Implementation Formalization

POLICYMAKING PROCESS (I.E. AGENDA
SETTING-FORMULATION-
FORMALIZATION-ADOPTION-
IMPLEMENTATION) FORMALIZED IN
INSTITUTIONS WITH POLICYMAKING
MANDATES (LEGISLATIVE BRANCH)
EXECUTIVE BRANCH TRANSLATES
LEGISLATION INTO EXECUTIVE
POLICIES (EXECUTIVE/ADMIN
ORDERS) AT THE SECTOR AND/OR
DEPARTMENT LEVELS
(IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS, DEPARTMENT
ORDERS, MEMO CIRCULAR, ETC) AND
DOWN TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
(LOCAL COUNCIL PROVISIONS)
 POLICY STAGES
POLICY CYCLE IN THE INSTITUTIONS
PHILIPPINES

AGENDA Public sector’s State actors – legislators,

SETTING development executive offices
requirements; Non-state actors –
Amendments to development agencies,
current policies; industry, private business,
Sectoral NGOs/POs, etc.
advocacies, etc.
 POLICY STAGES
POLICY CYCLE IN THE INSTITUTIONS
PHILIPPINES

POLICY Policymakers in the Congress (Republic Acts)

FORMATION legislative and Executive (Implementing
executive (national Rules and Regulations, Exec
and local) take up Orders, Admin Order, Dept.
the agenda Order, Memo Circular,
General Memorandum
Order, etc)
LGUs (Council Resolutions)
 POLICY STAGES
POLICY CYCLE IN THE INSTITUTIONS
PHILIPPINES

POLICY Formal enactment Congress (Republic Acts)

ADOPTION AND of the official and Executive (Implementing
FORMALIZATION legal policy Rules and Regulations, Exec
instrument after a Orders, Admin Order, Dept.
series of dialogues Order, Memo Circular,
and consultations General Memorandum
with state and non- Order, etc)
state sectors; LGUs (Council Resolutions)
presentation of
options
 POLICY STAGES
POLICY CYCLE IN THE INSTITUTIONS
PHILIPPINES

POLICY Translation of the policy Executive Branch –

IMPLEMENTATION into progress and
Departments, Agencies,
projects at the executive
branch – from the LGUs, Budget Department
President to the line Office, Civil Service,
agencies and concerned Regulatory and Oversight
institutions at the
Agencies
national and local levels;
Mobilization of resources
– funds, personnel, etc.
PROFILING A PUBLIC POLICY
 POLICY CYCLE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAM

AGENDA 10 Point Socioeconomic Agenda

# 7 Invest in human capital development including health
SETTING and education systems and match skills and training to
meet the demands of the business and private sector

# 9 Improve social protection programs, including the

government’s Conditional Cash Transfer program, to
protect the poor against instability and economic shocks

Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022)

 POLICY CYCLE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAM

Nutrition Act of the Philippines (PD 491)

POLICY
FORMULATION Early Childhood Care and Development Act (RA 8980)
AND ADOPTION
Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act (RA 7610)

DSWD AO 08 Series 2014. Implementing Guidelines of

supplementary Feeding Program for SAJAHATRA
BANGSAMORO Program (SBP)

AO 04 Series 2016. Amended Omnibus Guidelines in the

implementation of the Supplementary Feeding Program (SFP)
 POLICY CYCLE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAM

Government Procurement Policy Board (GPPB)

POLICY Resolution No 17-2016. Approving the Community
FORMULATION Participation Procurement Manual for the Partnership
AND ADOPTION Against Hunger and Poverty Program of DSWD, DAR and
DA

Partnership Against Hunger and Poverty Program

(PAHP) Memorandum of Understanding between DSWD,
DAR and DA. Joint undertaking of the agencies which is
aligned to the key strategies of the national government in
addressing critical concerns in hunger mitigation, food
security and poverty reduction.
 POLICY CYCLE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAM

POLICY Provision of supplemental food to children 2-5 y/o in the

IMPLEMENTATION Day Care Centers

Food supplementation will be in the form of hot meals to be

served during meal time for 120 days
 The Nature
of and Need
for Policy
Studies

ESSAY BY: ROMEO B. OCAMPO

POLICY
is a rule for action, manifesting or clarifying specific
organization goals, objectives, values, or ideals and
often prescribing the obligatory or most desirable
ways and means for their accomplishment. (Nikolaidis
1963:347-356)
PUBLIC POLICY
•It is a relationship of government to its environment,
•whatever the government decides to do or not to do,
•A pattern of activity rather than a decision
•A proposed course of action
•A purposive course of action ”actually followed by an
actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or
mater of concern”.
(Anderson 1975)
US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues
POLICY STUDIES

Teaching, research, and related academic and

professional activities directed at gaining and
applying knowledge for the improvement of
governmental policies
•Policy studies movement began more than 40
years ago in the US.
•Academic and professional disciplines but none
have done so more than Public Administration.
•Policy analysis has also grown as a professional
and institutional activity at different levels and
in different areas of US government.
 At the Graduate level the following are the Common
Elements in its academic program:
◦ Concern with substantive problem
◦ Processes of policy formation and implementation
◦ Interdisciplinary and comprehensive problem solving
approaches
◦ Heavy reliance on quantitative evaluation tools
◦ Encouragement of practical field experience.

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

 Graduate Curricula consists of the following
◦ Quantitative Methodology
◦ Policy Formation and Implementation
◦ Economic Theory and Analysis
◦ Behavioral and Non-behavioral Decision making
and Implementation Strategies and Processes
◦ Program, Management, Control and Evaluation
◦ Ethics and Values

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

 A profession is now
developing in which people
are trained to examine
alternate approaches to
public policy programs, to
evaluate the effects of
policies, and to facilitate the
implementation of
programs.” (Nagel and Neef
1977:387)

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

 Different Emphasis in Policy Studies

◦Academic
◦Stress on methodology (quantitative
evaluation techniques)
◦Practitioners
◦Substantive knowledge

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

 Academic Problem Developed
Disagreement on Educational Objective and Strategies
Questions on
◦ Generalist or specialist
◦ How much training in management, in policy making and
analysis
◦ Proper balance on quantitative and non-quantitative
methods
◦ Involvement of policy advocacy in policy research

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

 POLICY STUDIES AS A SCIENCE
Jacob B. Ukeles
US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues
The scientific status of
policy studies has NOT
been firmly
established; after 15
years, the original
proponent of “the
policy sciences” was
still previewing them
(Ukeles 1977:224)
 Proposed the
development of
policy sciences as a
“new
interdisciplinary
field” aimed at
accelerating the
discovery and use of
policy knowledge.
(Dror 1968:240)

Dror Yehezkel
US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues
 The relation
between social
theory and political
practice
characterizes policy
science as the
political theory.
(Fay 1975:11-14)

Brian Fay

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

 POLICY SCIENCE AND POLICY ANALYSIS

POLICY ANALYSIS
“the description and
explanation of the causes and
consequences of government
activity. …involves the
systematic identification of the
causes and consequences of
public policy, the use of
scientific standards of inference,
and the search for reliability and
generality of knowledge”
Thomas R. Dye (Dye 1976: 1 and 3)

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

POLICY ANALYSIS
“the systematic investigation of alternative
policy options and the assembly and
integration of the evidence for and against
each option.
It involves a problem-solving approach, the
collection and interpretation of information
and some attempt to predict the
consequences of alternative courses of
action. The fundamental purpose of policy
analysis is “to facilitate the reaching of sound
policy decisions…” (Ukeles 1977:223)
US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues
 POLICY SCIENCE

“that process of analysis by which the various

consequences of particular courses of action are
spelled out in terms of their monetary costs and
benefits so that a decision maker may be well
informed as to the possible outcomes of his
alternative”

“Set of procedures which enables one to determine

the technical best course of action to adopt in order
Thomas R. or
to implement a decision Dyeachieve a goal. (Fay
1975:14)

US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues

ISSUES ON POLICY STUDIES
1. Failure to define key terms is often source of confusion
2. Policy science has limited influence in the US
3. Bewilderment of policy makers and overloading their capacity to
absorb social knowledge
4. Policy sciences is not always clear if it aims or should aim to
actually influence policy decisions and actions.
•The need for policy studies
derives from the expanding
scope and authority of
government and the widening
array of programs and projects
it has launched to accelerate
national development
•This developments mounted
with the emergence of
technocrats or leaders of
technological politics under
Martial Law
•Take policy as a distinct and central problem as an
element essential to the conduct and impact of
government.
•Pay sufficient attention to the level and scope, as
well as form/type and substance of policy.
•Policy Objectives need to be explicitly stated,
examined, and tested for generality and internal and
external consistency.
•Need to predict and evaluate the outputs and
outcomes of policy as against policy objectives and
relevant conditions.
POLICY FORMULATION

Prepared by :
AJ CRISTY IAN J. FAUSTO
MMPA
 POLICY FORMULATION
Policy Formulation
- the development and synthesis of alternative
solutions for policy problems.
- the development of effective and acceptable
courses of action for addressing what has been
placed on the policy agenda.
- involves discussion among lawmakers about
possible solutions followed by adoption of a new
policy or amendment of an existing policy.
 POLICY FORMULATION

Phases of Policy Formulation

- Effective Formulation means that the policy proposed is regarded as a valid,
efficient, and implementable solution to the issue at hand. If the policy is
seen as ineffective or unworkable in practice, there is no legitimate reason to
propose it. Policy analysts try to identify effective alternatives.
This is the Analytical Phase of policy formulation.

- Acceptable Formulation means that the proposed course of action is likely to

be authorized by the legitimate decision makers, usually through majority-
building in a bargaining process. That is, it must be politically feasible.
This is the Political Phase of policy formulation.
 POLICY FORMULATION
Two Aspects of Policy Formulation
First, effective policy alternatives, presumably based on sound analysis, must be
conceived and clearly articulated.

Second, a political choice among these alternatives must be made.

 The policy must be authorized through a political process, such as
legislation or regulation.

Both phases --- analysis and authorization --comprise policy formulation

Analysis + Authorization = Formulation

 POLICY FORMULATION

Key Players in Policy Formulation

1. Policymakers
2. Non-government Entities
3. Special Interest Groups
 POLICY FORMULATION

Steps in Policy Formulation

1. Set Criteria for Assessing Policy Options

2. Identify Alternative Policies
3. Assess Alternative Policies
4. Choose Course of Action
 POLICY FORMULATION

1. Setting Criteria for Assessing Policy Options

 Effectiveness
 Efficiency
 Equity
 Liberty
 Political Feasibility
 Social Acceptability
 POLICY FORMULATION

2. Identifying Alternative Policies

 Policy Alternative – a potentially available course of

action that may contribute to the attainment of values
and resolution of a policy problem.

 Generating Alternative Policies:

 the problem must be correctly identified.
 relevant criteria for judging alternatives must be
specified.
 POLICY FORMULATION

 Criteria in Generating Policy Alternatives:

 Cost
 Reliability
 Stability
 Invulnerability
 Flexibility
 Riskiness
 Communicability
 Merit
 Simplicity
 Compatibility
 Reversibility
 Robustness
 POLICY FORMULATION
 Sources of Policy Alternatives:
 The status quo or no action alternative
 Experiences of others with similar problems, from reported research findings,
experts, laws, public opinion polls, new technology, etc.
 Re-define the problem from others' points of view, including opponents of any
change
 Consider the ideal, then apply political, economic, and other constraints
 Start from generic, to modified, to custom-made alternatives
 Quick Surveys by telephone, fax, or e-mail, of peers, old MPA classmates, people in
the policy issue network, public meetings or hearings, content analysis of editorials,
letters to the editor, etc.
 Literature review of professional and academic journals, government reports,
collected proceedings from conferences etc.
 Case studies of real world experiences
 Passive collection and classification
 Develop Typologies
 Use analogies
 Brainstorming
 Feasible Manipulation
 Modify existing solutions
 POLICY FORMULATION
3. Assessing Alternative Policies

 Which policy alternative should be adopted?

 Policy analysts takes each of the proposed alternatives and applies the
decision criteria to each alternative.

 Some methods in policy analysis:

 Forecasting
 Economic Analysis
 Risk Analysis
 Political Analysis
 Implementation Analysis
 POLICY FORMULATION

4. Choosing Course of Action

 Measuring alternatives in terms of multiple

decision criteria.

 Selection of the best alternative.

 WRITING A POLICY PAPER

 A policy paper is a research piece focusing on a

specific policy issue that provides clear
recommendations for policy makers.

 Types of Policy Paper

 Policy Study
 Policy Brief
 WRITING A POLICY PAPER
POLICY STUDY
Audience Typically, for an audience generally
interested to know more about a policy
issue
Focus/Purpose A description of a policy issue and its
related information; recommendations are
general; the purpose is to describe and
inform.
Writing Technique Technical and with the use of specific
disciplinal perspectives.
POLICY BRIEF
Authoritative decision-makers
It depends on what the decision-
maker intends to know in order to
decide.
It is a decision-making tool;
Professional, not Academic
Specific policies to be implemented
Evidenced-based and analytical.
Clear, concise and with brevity.
 ELEMENTS OF A POLICY PAPER

I. Title
II. Table of Contents
III. Abstract/Executive Summary
IV. Introduction
V. Description of the Problem
VI. Policy Options
VII.Conclusions/Recommendations
VIII. Appendices/Bibliographies/Endnotes
 KNOWLEDGE PREREQUISITES OF POLICY PAPER WRITING
Focused Issue or Problem
 How much do you know about it?
 Would you be able to provide a robust description and/or
characterization?
Targeted Purpose of the Research
 What problem does the research cogently intend to address?
 Is it consistent with the purpose, objectives and goals of the
research?
 Will it be persuasive enough to aid in decision-making?
Target Affected Audience
 How mindful are you of the significance of the research to
stakeholders?
 REFERENCES

Fellman, Thomas. Policy Analysis. University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Policy and Agricultural market, Germany. Retrieved from
http://www.alemayehu.com/Advanced%20Macroeconomics/Macro%20Policy/Lecture%201c_Introduction-APAM-Ib_AG.pdf

Hayes, W. (2014, June 1). Defining Policy Formulation. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from The Public Policy Cycle Web Site:
http://profwork.org/pp/formulate/define.html

Mercado, Orlando S. “Policy Formulation.” Development Academy of the Philippines. June 26, 2014, PowerPoint file

PPA 670 Policy Analysis. Retrieved from https://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa670/p&sch6.htm

Taguibao, Jalton G. “Writing and Presenting a Policy Paper.” Development Academy of the Philippines. June 27, 2014, PowerPoint file

Scotten, Allen G (February 11, 2011) . Writing Effective Policy Papers : Translating Academic Knowledge into Policy Solution [PowerPoint Slides].
Retrieved February 18, 2019 from https://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/Effective%20Policy%20Paper%20Writing.pdf
Evaluating Existing
Policy
 Policies
“Policy” is “a law, regulation, procedure, administrative action,
incentive or voluntary practice of governments and other
institutions.” Policies generally operate at the systems level and can
influence complex systems in ways that can improve public
situation. A policy approach can be a cost-effective way to create
positive changes in large portions of the population. There are
several types of policy, each of which can operate at different levels
(national, local, or organizational)
 Policies

• Legislative policies are laws or ordinances created by

elected representatives. Regulatory policies include rules,
guidelines, principles, or methods created by government
agencies with regulatory authority for products or
services. Organizational policies include rules or practices
established within an agency or organization
 Policy Evaluation

• An action which applies evaluation principles and

methods to examine the content, implementation
or impact of a policy. Evaluation is the activity
through which understanding of the merit, worth,
and utility of a policy is developed.
 Policy Evaluation
• In a most general sense, any type of analysis that generates and presents
information in such a way as to improve the basis for policy-makers to exercise
their judgment
• From informal, intuitive, deep and careful thinking to elaborated
sophisticated analytic process

• A means of synthesizing information including research results to produce a

format for policy decisions (laying out of alternative courses of actions or choices)
and of determining future needs of policy-relevant information
 Policy Evaluation
• Process of identifying and evaluating alternative policies or
programs that aim to lessen or resolve social, economic or
physical problems
• Systematic investigation of alternative policy options and the
assembly and integration of the evidence for or against each
option, involving problem solving approach, collection and
interpretation of information and predicting consequences of
alternative courses of action
 Policy Evaluation
• An applied research aimed at acquiring deeper understanding of public problems
and issues and identifying better solution

• An applied discipline which uses multiple methods of inquiry and argument to

produce and transform policy-relevant information that may be utilized in political
settings to resolve public problems

• Search for feasible courses of action, generating information and presenting

evidence of benefits and other consequences that would follow adoption and
implementation of particular course of action
 Policy Evaluation
• Uses information – factual, objective, subjective
• Provides basis for informed decision-making
• Offers alternative courses of action, their benefits and consequences
• Directed at solving a public problem
• Directed at policy makers
• Reflects values and ideals
• Uses multiple methods of inquiry, e.g., benefit-cost analysis, stakeholder analysis,
scenario writing, Delphi technique, etc.
• Both a process and output
 Policy Evaluation

• Process that is used to examine the project, policy or

program critically. It includes the collection and analyzing
information related to program or policy activities and
outcomes. Its main purpose is to improve program or
policy effectiveness through identifying the weak areas
and changes in the programming or policy decisions.
 Policy Evaluation
• It is also necessary to correctly evaluate or measure policy in good time to
ensure success of processes. Evaluation is an appropriate stage after the
policy implementation as it is effective to evaluate the policy effectiveness in
terms of accomplishing policy objectives. Along with this, it should also be
noted that, evaluation will be based on formalized outcome indicators and
measures.
 Policy Evaluation
An evaluation plan should also discover the following things:

• The short-term and long-term expected outcomes from the implementation

process
• How the data relative to the policy will be collected
• How the relevant data will be evaluated

The evaluation stage will also discover new problems that are developed through the
implementation process and changes in policy by the problem solving process if
necessary.
 Process of Policy Evaluation
• In the first process of policy evaluation, shareholders collect relevant
information and analyze the relevant data to identify the ability to meet
objectives or goals.
• The second process describes the evaluation process and activities that will
help stakeholders to complete the evaluation process.
• The third process is focusing the evaluation design in guiding the
stakeholder’s method of evaluation..
 Process of Policy Evaluation

• In the fourth process, data and information are collected with the
contributions of stakeholders
• In the fifth process, the data or information is analyzed to reach a conclusion
in terms of attaining policy objectives.
• In the sixth and last process, the objectives of the policy will be achieved,
and the policy reached its outcomes
 Types of Policy Evaluation
Evaluating Policy Content

Does the content clearly articulate the goals of the policy, its implementation
and the underlying logic for why the policy will produce intended change?
Evaluating the development of a policy helps to understand the context,
content, and implementation.
 Types of Policy Evaluation
Evaluating Policy Implementation

Was the policy implemented as intended? The implementation of a policy is a

critical component in understanding its effectiveness. Evaluation of policy
implementation can provide important information about the barriers to and
facilitators of implementation and a comparison between different components
or intensities of implementation.
 Types of Policy Evaluation
Evaluating Policy Impact

Did the policy produce the intended outcomes and impact? Within injury
prevention, the intended impact may be a reduction in injuries or severity of
injuries. However, it is important to evaluate short-term and intermediate
outcomes as well.
 Evaluation in the Policy Process

Problem Policy Strategy and Policy Policy Policy

Identification Analysis Development Enactment Implementation

Implementation Impact
Content Evaluation
Evaluation Evaluation
 Standards for Conducting Evaluation

• Utility: Who wants the evaluation results and for what purpose?
• Feasibility: Are the evaluation procedures practical, given the time, resources,
and expertise available?
• Propriety: Is the evaluation being conducted in a fair and ethical way?
• Accuracy: Are approaches at each step accurate, given stakeholder needs and
evaluation purpose?
Thank you!