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BIODIVERSITY:
INTERACTIONS AT THE
BOUNDARIES
By
Jeffrey A. McNeely
Chief Scientist
IUCN-The World Conservation Union
email: jam@hq.iucn.org
Supporting
Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services
• Soil formation
• Nutrient cycling
• Primary production
Linkages among Biodiversity,
Ecosystem Services, and
Human Well-Being
• IUCN Photo library
SERVICE PROVIDERS
•DECOMPOSERS
•ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS
•ELEMENTAL TRANSFORMERS PRIMARY REGULATORS
•POLLINATORS (90% of plants)
Soil biota play •HERBIVORES
some role in every •PARASITES
ecosystem service •MICRO-SYMBIONTS
with a biological
component
(Wardle et al.
2004)
Source: Swift et al. 2004;
SECONDARY REGULATORS
van der Heijden et al. 1998; HYPER-PARASITES PREDATORS
De Deyn et al. 2003
Soil formation EARTHWORMS:
•Up to 1000/m2
Nutrient cycling
•Process up to 10 tonnes
of soil /ha/ yr.
Plant production
Water movement
Source: Kroetsch; Hendrix & Bohlen 2002; Lee 1985; Lavelle
Sheikalmudi Tea
plantation
Tamil Nadu
Biological Management of
Soil Ecosystems
•Lower fossil fuel input
•Enhanced water storage
Vermiculture beds
•Soil biodiversity maintained
•Biocontrol maintained
•Pathogens & parasites
reduced
•Nutrients maintained in soil
Water
Taxonomy Ecosystem
Quality
as large-scale Health
International
science Source: Fox & Macdonald 2003; World Soil
Resources Report 2003, Wheeler et al. 2004
Soils and Sediments are Not Only Habitats for Microbes
Animals of
many kinds live
in or on the
surface of soils
& sediments
65 BIRD species
- 27 threatened Many INVERTEBRATE species
- 63 protected (e.g. > 100 Carabidae sp.)
19 batracian species
- 18 threatened
- 19 protected
EARTHWORMS
& Compost
Fishing bait
Food for animals
Primack 2000
IBOY group;
Manure piles for Courtesy of
Decaëns et al.
compost production in press
Soil and Sediment Biodiversity: Food sources for humans.
Services: Provision of economic base
Soils
Lake
Soils Freshwater
Ocean Sediments
Groundwater
Marine
Sediments
Wall, 2004