Development of Bars in +ve Moment Regions

Figure below shows a uniformly loaded, simple beam and its

bending-moment diagram. It has 2 No. 43 bars as reinforcement.
These run the full length of the beam and are enclosed in
minimum stirrups. The development length ld of a No. 43 Grade-
420 bar in 20MPa concrete is 2.36m. The point of maximum bar
stress is at mid span, and because the bars extend 2.75m each
way from mid span, they are developed at mid span.
Because the bending-moment diagram for a uniformly loaded
beam is a parabola, it is possible for the bar stress to be
developed at mid span but not be developed at, eg., the quarter
points of the span, where the moment is three-fourths of the
maximum. This is illustrated in figure below where the moment
strength and the required-moment diagrams are compared. The
moment strength is assumed to increase linearly, from zero at the
ends of the bars to ΦMn = 492kN-m at a distance ld = 2.36m from
the ends of the bars.
 Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Between points A and B, the required moment
exceeds the moment capacity. Stated in a different
way, the bar stresses required at points between A
and B are larger than those which can be developed
in the bar.
Ignoring the extension of the bar into the support for
simplicity, it can be seen from figure that the slope of
the rising portion of the moment-strength diagram
cannot be less than that indicated by line O–A.
If the moment-strength diagram had the slope O–B,
the bars would have insufficient development for the
required stresses in the shaded region.
 Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Thus, the slope of the moment-strength diagram,
d(ΦMn)/dx, cannot be less than that of the tangent to
the required-moment diagram, dMu/dx, at x = 0
The slope of the moment-strength diagram is ΦMn/ld
The slope of the required-moment diagram is
dMu/dx = Vu
Thus, the least slope the moment-strength diagram
can have is ΦMn/ld = Vu
So, the longest development length that can be
tolerated is
ΦMn/Vu = ld
where, Mn is the nominal moment strength based on
the bars in the beam at 0 and Vu is the shear at 0
Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
ACI Code Section 12.11.3 (318-11) requires that, at
simple supports where the reaction induces
compressive confining stresses in the bars, the size of
the positive-moment reinforcement should be small
enough that the development length, satisfies the
relation
ld ≤ 1.3 Mn/Vu + la
Where, la, is the embedment length past the centerline
of the support. The factor 1.3 accounts for the fact that
transverse compression from the reaction force tends
to increase the bond strength by offsetting some of
the splitting stresses. When the beam is supported in
such a way that there are no bearing stresses above
the support, the factor 1.3 becomes 1.0
Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions

When the bars are hooked with the point of tangency

of the hook outside the centerline of the support, or if
mechanical anchors are provided, ACI Code Section
12.11.3 (318-11) does not require it to be satisfied.
At positive-moment points of inflection a similar
situation exists, except that there are no transverse
bearing stresses. Here, the code requires that the
diameter of the positive-moment reinforcement
should be small enough that the development length,
ld, satisfies

ld ≤ Mn/Vu + la
 Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Where, la, is the longer of the effective depth, d or 12 db, but
not more than the actual embedment of the bar in the
negative-moment region past the point of inflection.
Equations are written in terms of Mn rather than ΦMn,
because the development length equations were derived on
the basis of developing, fy, in the bars, not Φfy. It should be
noted that the derivation of equations did not consider the
shift in the bar force due to shear. In such cases, the bars
should be anchored in the support for a force of at least Vu/2
and preferably 0.75Vu as discussed in the preceding section.
Equations ld ≤ 1.3 Mn/Vu + la and ld ≤ Mn/Vu + la
are not applied in negative-moment regions, because the
shape of the moment diagram is concave downward such
that the only critical point for anchorage is the point of
maximum bar stress.