Literature Review

Water Permeability & Adsorptive

Fouling Tool
 Water Permeability Test

Fill the Amicon with Set the pressure to 3.5

10 ml aqua dest bar for 30 minutes then
drop to 3 bar Permeate retrieval is
taken for 3 minutes 3
𝐕 times
𝐉=
𝐀𝐱𝐭

J = membrane flux
V = Volume of permeate
A = Surface Area of Membrane
t = permeate retrieval time
 Adsorptive Fouling Test

Cleaning
shaking
the cell for
2 minutes,
each is 1
minute
Fill the Amicon with
BSA solution 10 ml BSA Solution
expose it for 3
hours

𝐽𝑎
% 𝑅𝐹𝑅 = 1 − 𝑥 100%
𝐽𝑜

Permeate retrieval is
Set the pressure to 3.5
taken for 3 minutes 3
bar for 30 minutes then
times
drop to 3 bar
Crossflow Ultrafiltration Test
• Clean the crossflow ultrafiltration
equipment by circulating aqua dest
• Cut the membrane adjusting the
model of screen
• Put the membrane in up and bottom
of filtration tool then strengthen the
screw
• Do the compaction for 30 minutes at
200 kPa, permeate retrieval time is 5
minutes
• After compaction done, do sample
solution (BSA) filtration at 100 kPa
for 2 hours, permeate retrieval time
is 5 minutes
• The amount of BSA injected with
analyse by concentration of BSA
prior to and after being contacted by
crossflow ultrafiltration operation
Membrane Casting Knife and Flat
Glasses
 Why Collagen Membrane?
The first successful Some concern about When cellulose-based
hemodialyzer was the ability of the free dialyzers are reused, a
constructed by Kolf and hydroxyl groups on coating of protein has
Berk in The Netherlands the membrane formed on the
in 1945 using surface to activate the membrane surface.
cellophane (cellulose) blood clotting
process.

But before… Kon proved

What is the real in 1970 that: Collagen’s
effect of collagen? metabolite removal is
Why in 1970 Kon greater. Its ultrafiltration Recently, synthetic
started to compare capability is four times polymers have
the performance of greater than cuprophane, begun to replace
collagen and ten times greater than cellulose.
cellophane/cupropha cellophane. Continued
ne? with Stenzil 1971

It left footprints that there is something beneficial with Collagen.

 Ultrafiltration History

Ultrafiltration History and Development

 Ultrafiltration Fouling

Classification of particle fouling: Control of fouling:

• Adsorbtion • Hydrodynamic
• Pore Blockage • Physical Methods
• Deposit
• Chemical Methods
• Gel

Hydrodynamic :
• Controlling the operating pressure
• Controlling crossflow velocity
• Controlling permeability velocity
• Module design to increase mass transfer
phenomenon
Physical:
• Particle added to bind another particle
deposited on membrane surface
• Electrically remove ionic molecule
Chemical:
• Modification of chemical properties
3-Phase Diagram of Phase Inversion

A : Initial polymer solution

(thermodynamically stable)

B : Precipitation occurs because it

contacts to non-solvent
(thermodynamically unstable)

C : Point of solidification

D : Complete solidification (3
phases are in equilibrium)
 Membrane Modification

Membrane modification is intended to minimize unwanted

interactions or that may decrease membrane performance.
Membrane modification is usually done to increase the
membrane resistance towards fouling.
• Membrane polymer chemical modification (pre-
modification) : costly and long time needed. Ex:
sulfonating or carboxylation of PES
• Blending of the membrane polymer with a modifying
agent (Additive)
• Surface modification after membrane preparation (post-
modification)
 Advantage of NIPS

• More porous membrane resulted. How can? Non-solvent (water)

can decrease the concentration of polymer -> more pore opened
then.
• Asymmetric membrane (up layer pores are selective are smaller
than down layer as to strengthen the uplayer)
• Avoid macro-void forming: supporting layer of membrane full of
foam
• Between non-solvent and polymeric solvent is rightly miscible
 Mass Transfer
There are 2 types of membrane • Solution diffusion: happens with the
mass transfers: feed component can pass the
• Pore flow: happens because membrane (permeate) but also dissolve
sieving mechanism where the in membrane materials then diffuse
permeant flows by pressure through the membrane. Solution
driven convective flow the diffusion occurs on less (or no) porous
membrane. For NF and RO
ultrafiltration membrane
definition. Pore flow occurs on
more porous membrane. (for
UF and MF)
 Polymer Selection

5 characteristics:
• Film forming characteristic : ability to form cohesive film
• Mechanic compaction : strength, stability of compaction, and
flexibility
• Thermal stability : Tg of PES is 225 C, it is high and okay. Hindering
the formation from glassy to rubber
• Chemical stability : pH, chemical resistance (strong acid, base,
oxidator)
• Hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity
 PES
PES is a thermoplastic polymer and is typically amorphous in nature.
PES membranes show a high glass transition temperature (Tg = 503 K).

• Good chemical resistance (inertness) • Operating Pressure

and stability to aliphatic hydrocarbons, limited up to 7 bar
alcohols, and acids. • Its hydrophobic
• Outstanding oxidative stability, property may cause
• Outstandingly high mechanical fouling
strength,
• Easy processing and environmental Disadvantage
endurance,
• Wide temperature and ph tolerance,
• Moderate good chlorine resistance,
• as good membrane forming Why
properties, commercially available Chooses
• Inexpensive.
AdvantagePES?
 Cellulose & Polyamide

• Hydrophilic • Temperature range is smaller

because Tg = 135 C
• Good film forming
• Cellulose is not chlorine
Cellulose
• Relatively Cheap
tolerance, may affect its stability
• pH = 3-7
• Biodegradable because it is a
nature polymer
• Flux decreasing because of big
compaction

• Hydrophilic • Because of chlorine intolerance

it may affect the stability
Polyamide
Collagen

Collagen is a fibrous protein that

contributes as a major structural
protein in the connective tissue of
animal skin and bone (Mahboob,
2015). Generally, collagen has been
applied in cosmetic, biomedical and
pharmaceutical industries

Structure
• Triple helix
• Has 3.3 residues per turn and a
rise per residue nearly twice that
of an alfa-helix
• Every 3rd amino acid residue is a
glycine residue
• Gly-Pro-X or Gly-Hyp-X
• Although different types of collagen exist, they are all composed
of molecules containing three polypeptide chains arranged in a
triple helical conformation.
• Slight differences in the primary structure (amino acid sequence)
establish differences between the types.
• The amino acid sequence of the primary structure is mostly a
repeating motif with glycine in every third position and proline or
4-hydroxyproline frequently preceding the glycine residue.
 Polyethylene Glicol (PEG)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the additives used to promote pore
formation in the polymeric membranes.

Why chooses PEG?

• PEG is water-soluble.
• It is also soluble in many organic solvents
including aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Thus PEG has been reported as a pore
former to enhance the permeation
properties for not only hydrophilic
membranes but also hydrophobic
membrane preparation
The disadvantage
PEG is unstable because it usually extracted from
membrane matrix due to long usage and membrane
washing.
 Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)

BSA is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a

protein concentration standard in lab experiments.
 SEM Procedure
Bring SEM to
atmospheric pressure in
order to open the
sample door
Place the sample on a
Obtain a prepared
holder, then tighten the
sample
screws

Turn on the electron While holding the door

beam and start taking shut, press and hold the
pictures! EVAC button until it
begins to blink to put
Adjust the sample the chamber back
height under vacuum

Open the sample

chamber once the VENT
button is solid orange
Turn off the electron beam
Zoom back out to your by clicking the green
desired magnification button that says "ON" on
using the X and Y the top right corner
knobs.
Spectroscopy UV-Vis