PCET’S NMIET

AOTONOMOUS CAR SYSTEM

Guided By : Prof. Saad Mankandar

 Nitin Ratan Kurhade . (TEMA163)

1
 ABSTRACT
The word “Autonomous car” here refers to the process of implementing
the advanced technology in vehicles which enables it to self-drive in high
way roads without the control of the humans. This process is going to be
achieved by the use of Radars, Sensors and Advanced GPS maps. First a
compact path of the place wher user wants to go is selected on the GPS
map.
When the engine is started, all equipment’s will start to take positioning.
The readings are obtained from the radar every second. It detects the
objects at the limit of 180’ angle and continuously feed the control unit.
This control unit is built with a lot of conditions that makes the vehicle to
move in the possible safe directions. Here 50% of the job is done by the
radar equipment’s and rest of the job is done by the advanced GPS mapping
to make a safe journey. Separate signals are obtained from the ground level
to detect the speed breakers and conditions of the road. Same set of equip
ment’s is fixed on the rear side of the vehicle to avoid other vehicles hit on r
ear side of the user’s vehicle.
 CONTENT

Introducction
History
Working
Specifications/components
Challenges
Future Scope
Conclusion
Feferences
Introduction

• This Autonomous car Technology is a research project. By implement

ing this technology in vehicles enables it to self-drive in the highway
roads without the control of the humans. This technology creates
a new revolution in the Automobile and transport field. It helps the
user to save their valuable time which is wasted while driving and it
is not necessary for the drivers to be always seated in the driver
seat except the places, where the signals and road counter present.
Many accidents are occurred due to the carelessness of the drivers.
This can be avoided by implementing this Autopilot mode technology
. In this technology many advanced equipment’s are going to be used
to make a safe journey. This Autopilot mode technology is going to
be created by the combination of various departments in
Engineering. But among these departments of Engineering four
departments are going to play a major role.
 History

• The first known worthy attempt to build an autonomous vehicle was

in 1977. The project research was carried out by Tsukuba Mechanical
Engineering Laboratory in Japan. The car functioned by following
white street markers and was able to reach speeds of up to 20 mph
on a dedicated test course.
• The breakthrough in the development autonomous vehicles came in
the 1980’s with the work of Ernst Dickmanns and his team at
Bundeswehr Universität München. Their prototype was able to
achieve 60 miles per hour on the roads without traffic. Another
important milestone in the history of autonomous vehicles was AHS’
s revolutionary demonstration made in 1997 that included more than
20 fully automated cars. The demonstration was carried out on a
California highway and completed without a glitch. This event stands
as gaining the most media coverage of any Intelligent Transportation
System activity in US until the 2005 DARPA Challenge.Nowadays we
are looking forward to see the next DARPA Challenge that will take
place in an urban environment in November 2007.
Working
1. LADAR

• (Light Detection And Ranging also LADAR) is an optical remote

sensing technology which is used to measure the distance of target
with illumination to light in the form of pulsed laser. It is a laser
range finder also know as “heart of system”, mounted on the top of
the spoiler. A detailed map of the environment is generated by the
deviceVELODYNE 64‐beam Laser (for autonomous ground vehicles
and marine vessels, a sensor named HDL64E LIDAR is designed for
obstacle detection and navigation. Its scanning distance is of 60
meters (~197 feet).For 3D mobile data collection and mapping
application this sensor becomes ideal for most demanding
perceptions due to its durability, very high data rates and 360 degree
field of view. One piece design patented the HDL‐64E’s uses 64
mounted lasers that are fixed and each of it is mounted to a specific
vertical angle mechanically with the entire spinning unit, to measure
the environment surroundings.
2.RADAR

• Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves

to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving an
d fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather format
ions, and terrain. The term RADAR is defined as radio detection and r
anging. A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves. Wh
en they come into contact with an object they are scattered in all dir
ections. The signal is thus partly reflected back and it has a slight cha
nge of wavelength (and thus frequency) if the target is moving. The o
ptimal range can be fixed as 50m.The receiver is usually, in the same
location as the transmitter. Although the signal returned is usually ve
ry weak, the signal can be amplified through use of electronic techni
ques in the receiver and in the antenna configuration. This enables ra
dar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions from the targe
t object, such as sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect
3.SENSOR

• A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it

into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Here sensors are kept near the front wheel there by focusing the
road as shown at an angle of 160 degree.
• The sensor will always focus the road like a stick from the car. A
constant reading will be provided from the sensor to the control unit.
When the angle changes due to any speed breaker or road damage,
the sensor will automatically makes the control unit to slow down
the car. If the value crosses the critical value the car will be stopped
immediately because, there may be any huge damage.
4.VIDEO CAMERA

• A sensor that is positioned near to the rear‐view mirror that detects

the upcoming traffic light. It performs the same function as the
mildly interested human motorist performs. It reads the read signs
and keeps an eye out for cyclists, other motorists and for pedestrians
 CHALLENGES

• The equipments and technologies used are costly the main

equipments used in this technology are radar, lidar, position sensor,
gps, hetrogeneous processor, JAUS interoperable communication
systems, high resolution cameras are very costly now.
• Ahead of the Law is the major problem to this technology, as
Lawmakers have a huge impact on innovation. In the US most federal
and state automobile Laws assume a human operator. Before the
technology can be commercialized these need to be repealed. To
legalize the operation of autonomous cars on the roads, Nevada beca
me the first state in 2012. An attempt to gain state support for
similar changes in Law, Lobbyists from Google have been travelling
around other states and targeting Insurance companies as well. The
technology also poses serious puzzle to Insurance in terms of Regulat
ory issues and Liability.
FUTURE SCOPE

• The transition to an automated transportation structure will greatly

prevent many problems caused by the traffic. Implementation of
autonomous cars will allow the vehicles to be able to use the roads
more efficiently, thus saving space and time. With having
automated cars, narrow lanes will no longer be a problem and most
traffic problems will be avoided to a great extent by the help of this
new technology. Research indicates that the traffic patterns will be
more predictable and less problematic with the integration of
autonomous vehicles.
• It is clearly seen that most government officials and scientists see
the future of transportation as a fully automated structure which is
much more efficient than the current configuration. All development
s show that one day the intelligent vehicles will be a part of our daily
lives, but it is hard to predict when. The most important factor is
whether the public sector will be proactive in taking advantage of
this capability or not. The Public Sector will determine if the benefits
 CONCLUSION

• Technology used in autonomous applications is becoming a priority

for many automobile manufacturers. This is shown by the
development and implementation of systems such as ACC and LKA.
While they are currently only used to assist the driver with tasks,
continuing research will eventually lead to the integration of a fully
autonomous suite for all types of vehicles. The various systems
described above are the building blocks to achieving a fully
autonomous system. Eventually, there will be few human driven cars
on the road, and the majority will be autonomously driven.
• By implementing this Autonomous car technology will surely reduce
the occurrences of road accidents by a considerable value. In the
future, the wide acceptance of this technology will create an
“Accident free world”.
 REFERANCES

• Olivier S et al.(2001), “An outdoor navigation system using gps and in

ertial platform”, in Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Proceedings.
2001 IEEE/ASME International Confer-ence on, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 1346
–1351 vol.2.
• Causse J September (1994), "Navigation with constraints for an
autonomous mobile robot ", Journal of ELSEVIER, vol. 12
• Paramita MandaI et al. (2012) “Path Planning of Autonomous Mobile
Robot: A New Approach” 978-1•4673•4603•0/12/ 2012 IEEE
transaction.
• Merrill I .Skolnik’s “Radar Handbook” January 1, 1990.
• “GPS Land Navigation” by Michael Ferguson, Randy Kalisek, Leah
Tucker September 1997.
Thank you