Computer Organization and

Assembly Language
Muhammad Usman
 Reference Books
• Assembly Language for Intel Based
Computers
– Kip R. Irvine
• Computer Organization and Architecture
– William Stalling

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 Marks Distribution
• Assignments &
Quizzes 20%
• Mid Term 30%
• Annual 50%

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 Introduction
• Computer
– 1613 “The Young Man Gleaning” by Richard
Braithwaite used term “computer” for
calculations and computations
– History of computer
– Initial computers
– Intermediate development
– Modern computing devices

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• Components
– Input unit
– Output unit
– Storage unit
• Memory and its types
– Processing unit
• CU (functioning)
• ALU (functioning)
• Architecture: RISC VS SISC

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• Ports
– Serial port (mouse, modem, USB)
– Parallel port (LPT1)
• Busses
– Data bus (bidirectional, connect various devices)
– Address bus (unidirectional between CPU and
RAM)
– Control bus (unidirectional, CPU sends control
signals to various devices)

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• Computer programs and software
• Programming languages
– Low level language
• Machine language
• Assembly language
– High level language
• Language translators
• Networking and internet

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• Multitasking vs
• Multiprocessing vs
• Multicore

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 Complier
• Converts source code to executable code
• Stages:
– Lexing: Breakup the text of program into
tokens like variables, keywords, functions
– Parsing: Parse tree is a data structure. Parse
tree is created
– Optimization: Unused variables are removed
– Translate the parse tree into machine code

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• A complier should:
– Determine the correctness of syntax
– Generate efficient object code
– Runtime organization
– Formatting output

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 Data Representation
• Low and high voltage levels
• Bits and Bytes
• ASCII
• Word size
• Bitmap representation
• Big Endian vs Little Endian
• Context:
– 16186219 (OS/Word Processor/Human ?)

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 Number System
• Decimal
– Base 10 implemented as 10 fingers
– Representation: 1710 = 101x1 + 100x7
• Binary
– Base 2 (binary representation)
– Representation: 1012 = 22x1 + 21x0 + 20x1

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• Octal
– Base 8
– Representation: 2768 = 82x2 + 81x7 + 80x6
• Hexadecimal
– Base 16
– Representation: AFC8 = 162xA + 161xF + 160xC
– A=10, F=15, C=13

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• Binary to Octal
– (110 111)2 = (67)8
– 3 bit groups and convert using table
• Binary to Hexa
– (1000 1101 0100)2 = (8D4)8
– 4 bit groups and convert using table

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Simple Instruction Format

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Instruction Execution Cycle

Fetch
Instruction
from Main
Memory

Execute Decode
Instruction Instruction

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 Machine Instructions
• Set of instructions executed directly by a
CPU
• Machine codes in binary
• Computer program written/converted into
machine code
• Each instruction perform a specific task
• CPU looks in main memory of machine
instructions
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 Elements: Machine Instructions
• Operation code
– ADD, SUB, LOAD, STOR
• Source operand reference
– One or more sources of input
• Result operand reference
– Result of the operation
• Next instruction reference
– Where to fetch the next instruction

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• ADD R, Y
– Load the contents of “Y” memory location into
“R” register
• X=X+Y
– (e.g. X is 601 and Y is 602 memory locations)
– Load a register with contents of 601
– Add the contents of 602 to register
– Store the contents of register to 601

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 Computer Organization
• Refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications
• Organizational attributes
– Hardware details transparent to programmer,
control signals, interfaces between computer
and peripherals, memory technology used
• Way of practical implementation

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