Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Use
In Comparative Statics
d n n1
x nx
dx
Function of One Variable
y f (x) cxn
d n
cx cnxn1
dx
Two Or More Functions
Of The Same Variable
d
Sum-Difference Rule: [
fxg
() (
x)
]fxg
'
()'
(x)
d
x
d
Product Rule: [f
(x)
g(
xf
)
](
x)
g'
(x
)g(
x)
fx
'
( )
d
x
df(
x) fx
'
( )
g(
xf
) (x
)g
'
(x)
Quotient Rule: [ ] 2
d
xg
(x) g(
x)
Relationship between Marginal
Cost and Average Cost Functions
CCQ
( ) -costfunction
CQ
( )
AC , Q0 -averagecost
Q
d CQ
( ) [CQQ ( )1 1
'( ) CQ ( )
CQ
CQ
'( )
dQ Q Q2
Q Q
for Q0
d CQ( ) CQ
( )
0 iff CQ'( )
dQ Q Q
Book example:
CQ 12Q6
03
Q 2
Rules Of Differentiation Involving
Functions Of Different Variables
Chain Rule - If we have a function where y is in turn
a function of another variable x, say then the
derivative of z with respect to x is equal to the
derivative of z with respect to y, time the derivative
of y with respect to x:
dz dz dy
f '(y)g '(y)
dx dy dx
via g via f
x y z
z y z
y x x
Rules Of Differentiation Involving
Functions Of Different Variables
Example 1:
If z 3y2, where y 2x5, then
dz dz dy
6y(2) 12y 12(2x5)
dx dy dx
Example 2:
If z y-3, where y x3, then
dz
1(3x2) 3x2
dx
Rules Of Differentiation Involving
Functions Of Different Variables
Example 3:
z
(x2
3
x2
)1
7
y2
x3
x2
zy1
7
a
nd y x2
3
x2
dz dzdy
1
7y1
6
(2
x
3)
17(
x2
3
x21
6
)( 2
x3
)
dxd ydx
Rules Of Differentiation Involving
Functions Of Different Variables
Exam ple4:
GivenatotalrevenuefunctionofafirmRf (Q )
w hereoutput Qisafunctionoflaborinput L,orQgL
( ),
derivethem arginalrevenueproduct oflabor.
dR dRdQ
f '(Qg
) '(L)
dL dQdL
M L M
RP RMPP
L
Inverse Function Rule
If a function y = f(x) represents a one-to-one
mapping, i.e. if the function is such that a
different value of x will always yield a different
value of y, the function f will have an inverse
function x=f-1(y).
This means that a given value of x yields a
unique value of y, but also a given value of y
yields a unique value of x.
Inverse Function Rule
The function is said to be monotonically
increasing: if
x
12
x fx)
(1 fx
(2)
y x5 x dy dx 5 x 4 1
dx 1 1
4
dy dy dx 5 x 1
Partial Differentiation
y f (x1,x2,...,xn)
y f (x1x1,x2,...,xn)f (x1,x2,...,xn)
x1 x1
y y
f1 lim
x1 x10x1
Techniques of Partial Differentiation
Example 1:
y
f1 6x1x2
x1
y
f2 x18x2
x2
Techniques of Partial Differentiation
Example 2:
yfu
(,)
v (
u4
)
(
32
u v
)
y( )
32
uvu
/(
3v
) 2
Applications To Comparative-static
Analysis: Market Model
F o u r p a rtia l d e riv a tiv e s :
QabP (ab, 0) [demand] P 1
QcdP (cd
, 0) [Supply] a b d
P (a c)
ac b (b d )2
P
bd
adbc P 1
Q c
b d
bd
P (a c)
C
on
cl
usi
on: d (b d )2
PP
PP
0a
nd 0
ac
bd
Applications To Comparative-static Analysis:
National Income Model
Y CI0 G0
C(YT) (0;0 1)
T Y ( 0;0 1)
solution:
I0 G0
Y
1
Applications To Comparative-static Analysis:
National Income Model
I0 G0
Y
1
Government expenditure multiplier
Y 1
0
G0 1
Non-income-tax multiplier
Y
0
1
Income tax rate multiplier
Y ( I0 G0 ) Y
0
(1 )2
1
Jacobian Determinants
Purpose: use of partial derivatives to test whether there exists
functional (linear or nonlinear) dependence among a set of n
functions in n variables
If we have n differentiable functions in n variables, not necessarily
linear,
y1 f 1(x1, x2,..., xn)
y2 f 2(x1, x2,..., xn)
................
yn f n(x1, x2,..., xn)
Jacobian Determinants
we can derive n2 partial derivatives to give us
the Jacobian
y1
y1
y1
x1
x2
xn
(y
1,.
..,yn)
J
(x
1,.
..,x
n)
n
y yn
yn
x
1
x2
xn
Jacobian Determinants
Jacobian test for existence of functional
dependence among a set of n functions:
|J|=0
if the n functions are linearly or non linearly
dependent.
Jacobian Determinants
Example: y
12
x13
x2
y
24
x2
11
2xx
129
x2
2
y
1 y
1
x
x 2 3
J 1 2
y2
y2 (81
x 12x
2) (
1 1
2x 1
8x2)
x
1
x2
(2
4x13 2)
6x (2
4x136x2)
0