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Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.1
A versorium
A brief history
Voltaic pile
Spark-gap transmitter
Z3 computer
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.3
Transistor
A brief history
Integrated circuits
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.4
Microprocessor
Basic Electric Circuits & Components
Introduction
SI Units and Common Prefixes
Electrical Circuits
Direct Currents and Alternating Currents
Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors
Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws
Power Dissipation in Resistors
Resistors in Series and Parallel
Resistive Potential Dividers
Sinusoidal Quantities
Circuit Symbols
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.5
The International System of Units (SI)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.6
SI Units
Quantity Quantity symbol Unit Unit symbol
Capacitance C Farad F
Charge Q Coulomb C
Current I Ampere A
Electromotive force E Volt V
Frequency f Hertz Hz
Inductance (self) L Henry H
Period T Second s
Potential difference V Volt V
Power P Watt W
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Temperature T Kelvin K
Time t Systems © Pearson Education
Storey: Electrical & Electronic SecondLimited 2004 s OHT 2.7
Common Prefixes
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.8
Electrical Circuits
Electric charge
– an amount of electrical energy
– can be positive or negative
Electric current
– a flow of electrical charge, often a flow of electrons
– conventional current is in the opposite direction to a flow
of electrons
Current flow in a circuit
– a sustained current needs a complete circuit
– also requires a stimulus to cause the charge to flow
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.9
Electricity
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.10
Charge
−1.602×10−19 C 1.602×10−19 C
- -
Like charges repel each other
- +
Opposite charges attract one another
Charge is the source of one of the fundamental forces in nature (others?)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.12
Coulomb’s Law
q1 q2
r (meters)
(Newtons)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.14
Electromotive force
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.15
Electrical Circuit
A simple circuit
A water-based
analogy
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.16
Current (I)
Electrons
Current
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.17
Current
Current
amps
4
3
Q delivered in 0-5 sec= 12.5 Coulombs
2
1
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.19
Voltage
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.20
A Circuit
Current flows from the higher voltage terminal of the
source into the higher voltage terminal of the transducer
before returning to the source
I
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.24
Power
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.25
Example
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.26
Voltage, Current & Power
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.27
Energy
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.28
Voltage Reference
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.29
Voltage reference
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.30
Direct Current and Alternating Current
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.31
Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors
V = IR
I = V/R
R = V/I
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.33
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
At any instant the algebraic sum of the currents
flowing into any junction in a circuit is zero
For example
I1 – I2 – I3 = 0
I2 = I1 – I3
= 10 – 3
=7A
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.34
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
At any instant the algebraic sum of the voltages
around any loop in a circuit is zero
For example
E – V 1 – V2 = 0
V1 = E – V2
= 12 – 7
= 5V
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.35
Power Dissipation in Resistors
The instantaneous power dissipation P of a resistor is
given by the product of the voltage across it and the
current passing through it. Combining this result with
Ohm’s law gives:
P = VI
P = I2R
P = V2/R
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.36
Resistors in Series and Parallel
Series
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Parallel
1 1 1 1
R R1 R2 R3
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.37
Resistive Potential Dividers
General case
R2
V V2 (V1 V2 )
R1 R2
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.38
Resistive potential divider
Example
R2
V V2 (V1 V2 )
R1 R2
R2
10
R1 R2
300
10
200 300
6V
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.39
Resistive potential divider
Example
R2
V V2 (V1 V2 )
R1 R2
500
3 12
1000 500
34
7V
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.40
Sinusoidal Quantities
Length of time between corresponding points in
successive cycles is the period T
Number of cycles per second is the frequency f
f = 1/T
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.41
Circuit Symbols
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.42
Circuit symbols
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 2.43