Department of Applied Sciences

PHYSICS

Presented by:
Rahul Goel
04/08/2018

1
 What are Composites?
 Why use composites?
 What are Magnetoelectric composites?
 Research works on Magnetoelectric composites.
 Applications of Magnetoelectric composites.

2
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials – often ones that have very
different chemical & physical properties.

COMPOSITES = MATRIX + REINFORCEMENTS + ADDITIVES

Matrix:
The matrix binds the fiber reinforcement, gives the composite component its shape and determines its surface
quality.
A composite matrix may be a polymer, ceramic, metal or carbon.
The role of the matrix in a composite profile is partly to bind the reinforcement together, and partly to keep the
reinforcement correctly positioned in relation to the cross section with a view to optimal utilization of the
mechanical properties.

Reinforcements:
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is fundamentally one of increasing the
mechanical properties such as strength and stiffness of the neat resin system.

Additives:
They are agents which are added to the matrix. Depending upon their purpose, additives can be divided into
three fundamental groups: price-reducing additives, process-related additives and function-related additives.

While the purpose can vary, additives will always influence the corrosion resistance of profiles, as well as
their mechanical and fire-technical properties.

3
Royal Society of Chemistry – Composites Materials
 4
Ibrahim ID et al - A Review. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 34(16):1347-1356
 Natural composites
Natural composites exist in both animals and plants.
 Wood is a composite – it is made from long cellulose fibres (a polymer) held together by a much weaker
substance called lignin.
 The bone in your body is also a composite. It is made from a hard but brittle material called hydroxyapatite
(which is mainly calcium phosphate) and a soft and flexible material called collagen (which is a protein).

Early composites
People have been making composites for many thousands of years.
 Mud can be dried out into a brick shape to give a building material. It is strong if you try to squash it (it has
good compressive strength) but it breaks quite easily if you try to bend it (it has poor tensile strength).
 Concrete is a mix of aggregate (small stones or gravel), cement and sand. It has good compressive strength
(it resists squashing).
In more recent times it has been found that adding metal rods or wires to the concrete can increase its
tensile (bending) strength.

Modern Composites:
The first modern composite material was fibreglass. It is still widely used today for boat hulls, sports
equipment, building panels and many car bodies.
The matrix is a plastic and the reinforcement is glass that has been made into fine threads and often woven
into a sort of cloth. The plastic matrix holds the glass fibres together and also protects them from damage
by sharing out the forces acting on them.
 Carbon fibres instead of glass. These materials are lighter and stronger than fibreglass but more
expensive to produce. They are used in aircraft structures and expensive sports equipment such as golf
clubs.
5
Royal Society of Chemistry – Composites Materials
 Light & strong
 Choosing
MATRIX and REINFORCEMENT NEW MATERIAL
 Provide design flexibility because many of them can be
moulded into complex shapes.
 Downside: The downside is often the cost. Although
the resulting product is more efficient, the raw
materials are often expensive.

6
Royal Society of Chemistry – Composites Materials
 Materials, which are piezoelectric and magnetostrictive at the same
time are generally called ‘‘magnetoelectric’’ or ‘‘multiferroic’’
materials.
 Magnetoelectric (ME) materials become magnetized when placed in an
electric field, and electrically polarized when placed in a magnetic
field.
 ME coupling in a composite is the product of the magnetostrictive
deformation and the piezoelectric field generation
 Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-ferrite and PZT-Terfenol-D are the most
studied
composites to date.
 There have been many papers reporting observations and
measurements of the ME effect in single crystals, polycrystalline or
powdered specimens of Cr2O3 as well as in many other materials.

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 (2008) 1972–1977 7

Electrically polarisable materials
possess an electrical dipole
moment which can be affected by
an external electric field and
magnetically polarisable materials
possess magnetic dipole moments
which are affected by an external
magnetic field.In this illustration,
magnetoelectric materials are
The relationship between multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials.
those where there is coupling
between electric and magnetic
order parameters such that
magnetisation can be induced by
an electric field and vice versa.

Google- wikipedia
8
 Magnetostriction
 A magnetostrictive material consists of tiny ferromagnets.
These ferromagnets, usually iron, nickel or cobalt, have
small magnetic moments as a result of their “3d” shells that
are not completely filled with electrons.
 When a magnetic field is applied to the material, the
randomly located magnets realign themselves with the
field’s axis. This new ordered structure causes the solid to
either stretch or shrink.
 When a mechanical force is applied to these materials, the
opposite effect occurs: the material induces a magnetic field
(Villari Effect).
 The principles behind the physics is very similar; when an
electric field is applied, the material will either stretch or
shrink.
9
 Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric
charge in response to applied mechanical stress.
 When piezoelectric material is placed under mechanical stress, a shifting of
the positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place, which
then results in an external electrical field.
 The piezoelectric effect is very useful within many applications that
involve the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages,
electronic frequency generation and ultra fine focusing of optical
assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental
techniques with atomic resolution, such as scanning probe microscopes
(STM, AFM, etc). The piezoelectric effect also has its use in more
mundane applications as well, such as acting as the ignition source for
cigarette lighters.
 Barium titanate, lead zirconate, and lead titanate are ceramic materials
which exhibit piezoelectricity
10
 The principle of ME effect in the composite system is that
the magnetic-field-induced strain in the magnetostrictive
component is transferred to piezoelectric component
through elastic coupling, resulting in a piezo-induced
voltage and vice versa.
 It means that in the piezomagnetic/piezoelectric
composites, in presence of an applied magnetic field,
piezomagnetic particles change their shape due to
magnetostriction effect, and this strain is passed to the
piezoelectric phase, resulting in an electric polarization
change.
 Thus, the magnetoelectricity in the composite system is a
product property and needs biphasic surrounding to exhibit
the complex behavior.

11
ME-effect is originated by applying a magnetic field the magnetostrictive constituent will
change its length (volume) causing a local stress, which will be passed into the piezoelectric
phase, thus producing electric polarization (charge).
12
Haribabu Palneedi et al -Actuators 2016, 5(1), 9
 Q. Why ME Composites?
The single phase ME structures shows the ME effect at low temperatures, much
below the room temperature, since they have low Neel or Curie temperatures.
The ME coefficient drops to zero as the temperature reaches the transition
temperature.
Because of this, it is difficult to make use of the ME effect in the single-
phase materials for device applications.

The giant ME effects in layered composites are enabled by

(1) high piezoelectric and piezomagnetic coefficients in individual layer
(2) Effective stress transfer between layers,
(3) ease of poling and subsequent achievement of a full piezoelectric effect
(4) ability to hold charge due to suppression of leakage currents across composites

13
Composite Magnetoelectrics: G Srinivasan S Priya N Sun, Woodhead Publishing,2015
  The ME effect in composite started in 1972 when Van
Suchetelene introduced the concept of ‘‘product
properties’’ and used it to grow successfully the first
magnetoelectric composite by unidirectional
solidification of a BTiO3–CoFe2O4 eutectic liquid.
 Researchers are getting attracted towards the
investigations of magnetoelectric phenomenon in ME
multiferroics composites due to their cross-coupling
effect which lead them to be useful for many potential
applications on device level.

14
Rahul et al, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Condensed Matter Physics Volume 2012, Article ID 824643
 Due to the great potential for device applications, such
as actuators, switches, magnetic field sensors, or new
types of electronic memory devices, film type ME
composites have received the significant research
interests during recent years.

15
16