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Unit – IV

• SCR
• Rectifier
– Single phase
• Half wave controlled
– R load
– RL load
• Full wave controlled
– Three phase
• Inverter
– Single phase
– Three phase
• UPS
Silicon Controlled Rectifier
• A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (or Semiconductor Controlled Rectifier)
• It is a 4-layered 3-terminal 3 junction PNPN semiconductor switching
device (solid state device) that controls current flow
• SCR is a conventional rectifier controlled by a gate signal
• When the gate to cathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the
device turns 'on' and conducts current
• unidirectional device that blocks the current flow from anode to
cathode until it is triggered into conduction mode by a proper gate
signal between G and K
• “silicon controlled rectifier” is a trade name for the type of thyristor
commercialized at General Electric in 1957
• The operation of a SCR can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly
coupled Bipolar Junction Transistors
• The SCR has two states: a high-current low-impedance ON state and
a low-current high-impedance OFF state.
• Once it is turned on by giving gate signal, it remains on even after
removal of the gate signal, as long as a minimum current, the holding
current, Ih, is maintained in the main or rectifier circuit.
• To turn off an SCR the anode-cathode current must be reduced to less
than the holding current, Ih.
• SCR has three modes:
– Reverse blocking mode, forward blocking mode, and forward
conducting mode
Reverse Blocking Mode:
• Cathode is positive with respect to anode with switch S is open. Junction J1 and
J3 are Reverse biased and J2 is Forward biased.
• Device behaves as of two diodes connected in series with reverse voltage
applied across them
• Hence a small leakage current of the order of few micro ampere flows
• If the magnitude of the applied voltage increases to a breakdown limit ( V BR)
the device is destroyed . This phenomenon is known as thermal run away.
Forward Blocking Mode:
• Anode is positive with respect to cathode with switch S is open. Junction J1 and
J3 are Forward biased and J2 is Reverse biased
• Hence a small current called forward leakage current flows, SCR offers a high
impedance.
Forward Conduction Mode:
• When anode to cathode forward voltage is increased with gate open, reverse
biased junction J2 will have an avalanche breakdown at V BO
• After this breakdown, SCR gets turned ON.
• Then it behaves like diode.ie., ON state.
V-I Characteristic Curve
V-I Characteristic Curve
IH= defined as the minimum
value of anode current
which it must fall to for
turning OFF the thyristor.

IL = defined as the minimum


value of anode current
which it must attain during
turn ON process to
maintain conduction when
gate signal is removed.
Gate Cathode
Internal structure

+
n
19
10
-3
cm
+
n
19
10 cm
-3
 10m


J3 - 17 -3
p 10 cm 30-100m


J2

n
13
10 -5 x 10
14
cm
-3 50-1000m

J1
p
+
17
10 cm
-3
 30-50m
19 -3
p 10 cm

Anode
Two transistor model of SCR
The general transistor equations are,
I C   I B  1    I CBO
I C   I E  I CBO
I E  IC  I B
I B  I E 1     I CBO
Considering NPN transistor
of the equivalent circuit,
I C  I C2 , I B  I B2 , I E2  I K  I A  I G
I C2   2 I k  I CBO2
I C2   2  I A  I G   I CBO2     2 
Case 1: When I g  0 Case 2: When IG  0
I CBO1  I CBO2  2 I g  ICBO1  ICBO 2
IA  IA 
1  1   2  1  1   2 
Turn on methods
With anode positive with respect to cathode, a thyristor can be turned on
by any one of the following techniques :
(a) Forward voltage triggering
(b) gate triggering
(c) dv/dt triggering
(d)Temperature triggering
(e)Light triggering.
Forward Voltage Triggering :
• When anode to cathode forward voltage is increased with gate circuit
open, the reverse biased junction J2 will break. This is known as
avalanche breakdown and the voltage at which avalanche occurs is
called forward break over voltage VB0. At this voltage, thyristor
changes from off-state (high voltage with low leakage current) to on-
state characterized by low voltage across thyristor with large forward
current
Gate Triggering :
• Turning on of thyristors by gate triggering is simple, reliable and efficient, it is
therefore the most usual method of firing the forward biased SCRs.
Temperature Triggering :
• During forward blocking, most of the applied voltage appears across reverse
biased junction J2. This voltage across junction J2 associated with leakage
current may raise the temperature of this junction. With increase in temperature,
leakage current through junction J2 further increases. This cumulative process
may turn on the SCR at some high temperature.
Light Triggering :
• For light-triggered SCRs, a recess (or niche) is made in the inner p-layer. When
this recess is irradiated, free charge carriers (holes and electrons) are generated
just like when gate signal is applied between gate and cathode. The pulse of
light of appropriate wavelength is guided by optical fibers for irradiation. If the
intensity of this light thrown on the recess exceeds a certain value, forward-
biased SCR is turned on. Such a thyristor is known as light-activated SCR
(LASCR). Light-triggered thyristors have now been used in high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) transmission systems
SCR TURNOFF METHODS

• Shorting the SCR from anode to cathode

• Diverting the anode current to an alternate path

• Applying a reverse voltage (by making the cathode positive with


respect to the anode) across the SCR

• Forcing the anode current to zero for a brief period

• Opening the external path from its anode supply voltage

• Momentarily reducing supply voltage to zero


COMMUTATION
The process of turning off an SCR is
called commutation.

It is achieved by
1.Reducing anode current below holding
current
2.Make anode negative with respect to
cathode

• Types of commutation are:


1.Natural or line commutation
2.Forced commutation
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER for R LOAD

For Resistive load, voltage


and current are in phase.
Therefore the waveforms
for output current and
output voltage seems to
be similar
1. Input voltage
2. Firing pulse
3. Output voltage
4. Output current
5. Thyristor voltage
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER for RL LOAD
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER for RL LOAD WITH FREEWHEELING
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER for R LOAD

During Positive half cycle


SCR 1 & 2 – FB
SCR 3 & 4 – RB
Its time period is from ωt = 0 to π
So alpha can be varied from 0 to π

During Negative half cycle


SCR 1 & 2 – RB
SCR 3 & 4 – FB
Its time period is from ωt = π to 2 π
So alpha can be varied from π to 2 π
During Positive half cycle
• SCR 1 & 2 – FB ; SCR 3 & 4 – RB
• Its time period is from ωt = 0 to π ; So alpha can be varied from 0 to π
• Assume α = 90
• For first cycle from ωt = 0 to α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
ωt = α to π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.

• For Second cycle from ωt = 2π to 2π + α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
• ωt = 2π + α to 3π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.

Similarly During negative half cycle


• SCR 1 & 2 – RB ; SCR 3 & 4 – FB
• Its time period is from ωt = π to 2 π ; So alpha can be varied from π to 2 π
• Assume α = 90
• For first cycle from ωt = π to π+α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
• ωt = π+α to 2π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.

• For Second cycle from ωt = 3π to 3π + α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
• ωt = 3π + α to 4π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER for RL LOAD

During Positive half cycle


SCR 1 & 2 – FB
SCR 3 & 4 – RB
Its time period is from ωt = 0 to π
So alpha can be varied from 0 to π

During Negative half cycle


SCR 1 & 2 – RB
SCR 3 & 4 – FB
Its time period is from ωt = π to 2 π
So alpha can be varied from π to 2 π
During Positive half cycle
• SCR 1 & 2 – FB ; SCR 3 & 4 – RB
• Its time period is from ωt = 0 to π ; So alpha can be varied from 0 to π
• Assume α = 90
• For first cycle from ωt = 0 to α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
ωt = α to π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.

• For Second cycle from ωt = 2π to 2π + α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
• ωt = 2π + α to 3π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.
Similarly During negative half cycle
• SCR 1 & 2 – RB ; SCR 3 & 4 – FB
• Its time period is from ωt = π to 2 π ; So alpha can be varied from π to 2 π
• Assume α = 90
• For first cycle from ωt = π to π+α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
• ωt = π+α to 2π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.

• For Second cycle from ωt = 3π to 3π + α – SCR is Forward Blocking Mode and output is zero
• ωt = 3π + α to 4π – SCR is Forward Conduction Mode and output follows input.

NOTE:
After first negative cycle, even though SCR 1 & 2 are RB it is not turned OFF (because current is more than the
holding current) and therefore it has path for current through the SCR 1 &2 ie., upto beta .
Form ωt = π to π+α it divides into two regions.
ωt = π to π+β there is a discharge due to inductance(similar as single phase half wave rectifier for RL)
ωt = π+β to π+α there is no output
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FREE WHEELING DIODE for RL LO

During Positive half cycle


SCR 1 & 2 – FB
SCR 3 & 4 – RB
Its time period is from ωt = 0 to π
So alpha can be varied from 0 to π

During Negative half cycle


SCR 1 & 2 – RB
SCR 3 & 4 – FB
Its time period is from ωt = π to 2 π
So alpha can be varied from π to 2 π
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER for R LOAD
Inverter:
It is a circuit which converts a
DC into AC at desired output
voltage and frequency
180 degree mode Inverter
120 degree mode Inverter
UPS: it is an electrical device that provides emergency power to a load when input
power source fails.
Main components of UPS:
Rectifier , filter 1 , battery , inverter, filter 2 , stabilizer, LED, buzzer and Fan

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