Domains and Kingdoms

How are organisms classified into

domains and kingdoms?

 Due to the invention of

the microscope,
scientists were able to
make differences
among cells.
 The modern
classifications is made of
3 domains.
 They were classified
according to : CELL TYPE
, ABILITY TO MAKE FOOD,
and NUMBER OF CELLS.
 BACTERIA

 We can found them all around you.

 Some are autotrophs, while others are
heterotrophs.
 They are Prokaryotes.
 A nucleus is dense area in a cell that contain
nuclei acids

Organisms whose cells

do not have a nucleus.
The chemicals that direct all of the
cell’s activities .
 ARCHAEA

 They are also unicellular organisms.

 They can be either autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
 They do not have the same chemical and
structure as bacteria.
 We can found them in extreme environments.
 Eukarya

 They consists of eukaryotes. Organisms with cells

 They are divided in 4 different that contain nuclei
kingdoms.
 They are Protists, Fungi, Plants and
Animal.
 EUKARYA

PROTIST FUNGI
 It sometimes called the odds and ends.  Mushrooms, molds, and mildew are members of this
kingdom.
 Includes any eukaryote that cannot be
classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.  They feed by absorbing nutrients from dead organisms
or decaying organisms.
 EUKARYA
PLANTS
 Includes a great variety of organisms from
giant redwood trees to mosses.
 They make their own food.
ANIMAL
 They are heterotrophs.
 They have differents adaptations that let them to locate
food, capture it, eat it and digest it.
Evolution and
Classification
 How are Evolution and classification related?

 He was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best

known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
 Is the gradual change in species over time.
 It took place through the process of natural selection
which means that species adapted to their environment
and reproduced with others of the same species.
 COMMON ANCESTORS

 The theory changed

scientists point of view.
 They understand that
certain organisms may
be similar because
they share a common
ancestor and
evolutionary history.
 They established that
species with similar
evolutionary histories
are classified more
closely together.
 Tree branching diagram

 The base of such a diagram

shows the common ancestors.
 The way in which they are
grouped according to their
shared derived characteristics.

• Same structure
• Same evolutionary origin
• Same structure of organisms
• Same chemical make up of their cells.

The process by which unrelated organisms

Unrelated organisms may have the similar features or body structure evolved features that are similar is called
because they evolved in similar environments. convergent evolution.
 What is a Virus?

 A virus is a tiny, nonliving particle that enters and reproduce inside of a living cell.

Viruses are nonliving things, have protein coat that protects and inner
core of genetic material and cannot reproduce by their own.

They considered nonliving due to their lack most of the features of living
things.

They are not cells which means that they don’t use their own energy to
grow or respond to their surrounding, It cannot make or take food, and
cannot produce waste.
 Characteristics of Viruses

 The organism that a virus enters and multiplies inside is called a

Host.
 A host is an organism that provides source of energy for a virus
or another organism.
 In the example given the virus is acting as a parasite which is an
organism that lives on or in a host and causes damages or harm.
 Almost all viruses destroy the cell in which they multiply.
 Characteristics of a Virus

 Viruses can be round such shape such as rods, threads,

bullets and robots.
 Due to their size , we measure them in nanometers.
 The average virus is quite small when compared with even
the smallest cells.
 Although viruses have many shapes and sizes all of them
have two basic parts which are an inner core containing
genetic material and a protective protein coat.
 Each virus contains unique surface proteins.
 Their shapes allow them to attach to certain cells in the
host.
 How do viruses interact with the living
world?

 Eventhough viruses can cause disease, they can also be used

to prevent and treat illnesses.
 Some viral diseases pass through the body quickly whereas
other have much more serious and lasting effects on the
body.
 Besides that It can cause disease in organism that are not
humans.
 Scientist have learned how to take advantage of a virus’s
ability to enter a host cell.

• Replacing a mutated gene that causes diseases with a

healthy copy of gene.
• Knocking out a mutated gene that is functioning
improperly.
• Introducing the new gene into the body to help fight a
disease.
 How do viruses interact with the living
world?

 A vaccine is a substance introduced in the body to help produce

chemicals that destroy specific viruses.
 Vaccine are made from dead viruses, they do not cause diseases.
 They activate the body’s natural defenses.
BACTERIA
 What are Bacteria?

 We can found them almost everywhere.

 Bacteria are Prokaryotes.
 The genetic material in their cells is not
contained in a nucleus.
 The cells lack many structures found in
the cells of eukaryotes.
 PARTS OF THE BACTERIA

Chemical factories A long, whip- like structure

where proteins are that helps it move.
produced

Most of the bacterias are

covered or surrounded by a
The cytoplasm cell wall.
contains a gel-like
material and tiny The cell membrane controls what
structures. material pass in and out of the
cell.
 Bacteria Shapes

 Most of the bacterial cell are spherical, rod-like,

spiral .
 The cell wall’s chemical makeup determines the
bacterial cell’s shape.
 An average bacterium is smaller than a period.
 How do Bacteria get food?

 Bacteria get energy by either making food

or eating other organism.
 They make food by using the energy from
the sun or chemicals in the environment.
 Others consume other organism or the
food of those organism such as milk, meat,
and decayed leaves.
 The process of breaking down food to
release energy is called cellular
respiration.
 How do Bacteria reproduce?

 Some bacterias reproduce

asexually through binary fission
– when one cell divides to form
two identical cells.
 Some bacterias reproduce
sexually through conjugation –
when one bacterium transfers
some of its genetic material
into another bacterium.
 Some bacterias can survive
harsh conditions by forming
endospore, small rounded,
thick- walled resting cells that
form inside a bacterial cell.
What is the role of the bacteria in Nature?
 PROTISTS

 Protists are eukaryotes that cannot be classified as

animals, plants, or fungi.
 Protists live in moist surroundings, and are extremely
diverse.
 Scientists divide protists into three categories: animal-like,
plant-like, and fungus-like.
 Like animals, animal-like protists are heterotrophs, and
most can move to get food.
 Unlike animals, animal-like protists, or protozoans, are
unicellular.
 ANIMAL- LIKE PROTIST

 The four groups of protozoans are sarcodines,

flagellates, ciliates, and parasites.
 Sarcodines move and feed by forming
pseudopods—temporary bulges of the cell.
 Amoebas have a contractile vacuole, a
structure that collects and expels excess water
from the cell.
 Ciliates have structures called cilia, hair-like
projections that beat with a wavelike motion,
moving the organism.
 PLANTS – LIKE PROTIST

 Plant-like protists, commonly called algae, are extremely

diverse.
 Algae are autotrophs, can be unicellular or multicellular,
and use pigments to capture the sun’s energy.
 Most use the sun’s energy to make their own food. Algae
play a significant role in many environments.
 Some algae in ponds, lakes, and oceans produce much of
Earth’s oxygen and are an important source of food for
other organisms.
 PLANTS – LIKE PROTIST

 Algae vary in size, can be unicellular or multicellular, and exist in various

colors because they contain many types of pigments—chemicals that
produce color.
 Euglenoids are green, unicellular algae usually found in fresh water.
 Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae surrounded by stiff plates that look
like a suit of armor.
 Diatoms are unicellular protists with beautiful, glasslike cell walls.
 Almost all red algae are multicellular seaweeds.
 Many of the organisms that are commonly called seaweeds are brown
algae.
 In addition to their brown pigment, brown algae also contain green,
yellow, and orange pigments.
 FUNGUS- LIKE ANIMALS

 Fungus-like protists share qualities of animals and plants.

 Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs, have cell walls,
and use spores to reproduce.
 All fungus-like protists can move at some point in their
lives.
 Slime molds live in moist, shady places like forest floors,
oozing along the surfaces of decaying materials, feeding
on bacteria and other microorganisms.
 Most water molds and downy mildews live in water or
moist places. These organisms often grow as tiny threads
and look like fuzz.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

 Molds, such as those that grow on fruit and stale bread, are
a type of fungus.
 Most fungi share several important characteristics.
 Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs
that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to
reproduce.
 Fungi need moist or humid, warm places in which to grow.
 They thrive or flourish on damp tree barks, moist foods,
lawns coated with dew, damp forest floors, and even wet
bathroom tiles.
 Fungi range in size from tiny, unicellular yeasts to large,
multicellular fungi.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

 Except for the simplest fungi, such as unicellular

yeasts, the cells of most fungi are arranged in
structures called hyphae.
 Hyphae are the branching, thread like tubes
that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
 Fungi absorb food through hyphae.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

 Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually,

guaranteeing their survival and spread.
 Fungi produce spores in reproductive structures called
fruiting bodies.
 Unicellular yeast cells undergo a form of asexual
reproduction called budding. In budding, no spores are
produced.
 The three major groups of fungi are the club, the sac,
and the zygote.
 They are classified by the appearance of their
reproductive structures.
 The Role of Fungi in Nature.

 Fungi affect humans and other organisms in many ways.

 Fungi may act as decomposers and recyclers, or provide foods for
people.
 Fungi may help fight or cause disease.
 Some fungi live in a beneficial relationship with other organisms.
 Decomposers are organisms that break down the chemicals in
dead organisms.
 Without fungi and bacteria, Earth would be buried under dead
plants and animals.
 The Role of Fungi in Nature.

 Fungi are important sources of foods such as bread,

mushrooms, and blue cheese, and some fungi produce
substances that fight bacteria.
 Yet many other fungi are parasites that cause diseases in
plants and crops, including rice, cotton, and soybeans, as well
as in humans.
 The Role of Fungi in Nature.

 Some fungi help plants grow larger and

healthier when their hyphae grow into or on
the plant’s roots.
 A lichen consists of a fungus and either algae or
autotrophic bacteria that live together in a
relationship that benefits both organisms.
 The fungus benefits from the food produced by
the algae or bacteria.
 The algae or bacteria, in turn, obtain shelter,
water, and minerals from the fungus.