Introduction…

 State all the diseases that you can think

of.
(Mi-zels)
 Define disease

A disease is an abnormal
condition of body or mind that
causes discomfort , difficulty
to function or stress to an
individual.
 Non-infectious disease
• Caused by genetic factor or lifestyle
• A disease that cannot be transmitted from
one individual to another.
 CANCER

EXAMPLES

DIABETES

CARDIOVASCULAR
 INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• Caused by infection of pathogens directly
through mediums and vectors.
• Example : flu , ringworm, malaria fever
• A disease that can be transmitted from one
individual to another.

* What are other examples of infectious

disease?
 TINEA

EXAMPLES

LEPTOSPIROSIS
 Organisms that cause disease are called pathogens.
What are the four types of pathogen?

Bacteria Fungi
(cholera) (pneumonia)

Protozoa
(dysentery)
Virus
(AIDS)
 Infectious diseases are
spread by pathogens
transmitted from an
infected person (host) to
another person
 through VECTORS and
mediums such as
WATER, AIR , and
CONTACT.
 Airborne diseases

Droplet Dust
transmission transmission

Pathogen-containing droplet
sprays from the mouth and nose
of an infected person sneezing,
coughing, talking , yawning or
breathing
Bacteria in the spit (saliva) of an
infected person dry up and form
spores which are spread together
with the dust in the air.

Example of diseases that can be spread through air are

tuberculosis, flu, SARS , H1N1 and chicken pox
 Waterborne diseases

• Infection through water usually happens

in areas with inadequate water supply
and poor sanitation.

Example of diseases that are

transmitted through water include
cholera and typhoid.
(ko-le-ra) (tai-fo-it)
Infections of diseases through contact
Example of diseases that are transmitted
through contact are:
i- ringworm and tinea (caused by fungi)
ii-syphilis and gonorrhoe (spread through
sexual intercourse)
iii-AIDS
(caused by HIV virus that can be transmitted
through sexual intercourse, blood as well as
exposure to syringe –sharing among patients
or drug addicts)
Infections of diseases through vectors
• Some pathogens are transmitted from one host to
another new host through animals. Animals that
transmit these pathogens are called vectors.
Vector Pathogen
Fly Salmonella typhi

Vector Pathogen
Aedes mosquito Dengue virus

Vector Pathogen
Cockroach Salmonella typhi
 How do Vectors Spread Diseases?
• Mosquitoes and flies are two vectors that
spread numerous infectious diseases.
• Using play role to describe how these vectors
spread diseases :
• (a) Mosquito
• (b) Fly
 1. A mosquito that
already has pathogens
in its salivary glands
sucks the blood of an
uninfected person

3. Another 2. The mosquito

mosquito that secretes saliva when
sucking the blood to
bites the infected
prevent blood clotting
person transmits . The infection spreads
the diseases to throughout the body
another victim. of the person.
 FLY

1. A fly that lands on

dirt has pathogen on
its leg and body.

3. The pathogens
2. The fly
enter the body of
transmits the
the person who
pathogens to the
eats the
food.
contaminated food.
The mechanism to Prevent the Spread
of Infectious Diseases
Primary stage Secondary stage Tertiary stage

• Improving health • Determining • Controlling vector

• Strengthening the transmission of populations
body’s defence infections through • Protecting hosts
system active and passive
• Frequent health case detection
check- ups • Giving early
• Maintaining a treatment to
balanced diet patients
• Separating
patients from
others
 Each group will be given one article about 8
different diseases.
 TYPHOID, H1N1, TINEA, ZIKA FEVER, CANCER,
HYPERTENSION, DIABETES & TUBERCULOSIS

You need to extract the information from the article

about…. :
a) Definiton
b) causes
c) symptoms
d) ways to prevents
e) other additional information
4.2 Body Defenses
• You wake up one morning with a stuffy
nose, slight fever, and fatigue. Do you
have a cold or the flu? Or are they the
same?

• Should you go to your doctor for an

antibiotic? Why or why not?
 The not-so-common cold
• A “cold” is an infection
of the mucus
membranes of the
respiratory tract by a
rhinovirus.

• Over 100 rhinoviruses

have been identified,
which is one reason
why we don’t become
immune to “the cold.”
 Virus vs. Bacteria
Rhinovirus
• Colds and influenza are
caused by viruses.

• Viruses are which is a non-

living particle that contains
genetic material, and
hijacks your cells to
reproduce.

• Viruses cannot be “killed”

with antibiotics. Influenza
virus
 Virus vs. Bacteria
• Bacteria are living
organisms that have a
metabolism, have DNA, E. coli
and can reproduce on
their own.

• Bacteria can be killed with

antibiotics because these
substances target key
processes in bacteria, Streptococcus
such as production of the
bacterial cell wall.
• Viruses and bacteria are everywhere.
Some of them want to invade your body.
How does your body defend itself against
viruses and bacteria?
 4.2 BODY DEFENCE
- Pathogens enter the body through the :
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Excretory system
• Skin
- Pathogens need to be destroyed by the body.
- Our body has a strategy to defend itself
against infections.
The Body’s Natural Defences
The Body’s Natural Defences

• Our body fights harmful microbes every day

• Microbes must fight through three levels of our

body’s defences before they can cause us
harm
• The first line of defence
• The second line of defence
• The third line of defence
The First Line of Defence
The First Line of Defence
The Respiratory
Our SkinSystem
The Eyes

Tears produce chemicals called

enzymes
Mucus which
and tiny can killinsome
hairs the nose
Stops microbes entering the
microbes on the surface of the
stop microbes entering our lungs eye
body unless it is cut or damaged
We sometimes sneeze or cough
these harmful microbes away
from our body
The Second Line of Defence
 The Second Line of Defence
White Blood Cells

Red blood cells: Carry iron and oxygen around

the body
The blood
White blood cells: Help fight infection
contains
Plasma: Liquid which carries the blood
cells around the body
 The Second Line of Defence
White Blood Cells

The blood flows around the body in one direction only

The Second Line of Defence
White Blood Cells

If the skin gets damaged,

microbes can enter the blood
stream and make us ill
 The Second Line of Defence
White Blood Cells
The White Blood Cells called ‘phagocytes’ notice anything
foreign or strange that gets through the first line of defence and
move towards that ‘foreign object’
 The Second Line of Defence
White Blood Cells

The phagocytes then surround and

destroy the foreign object or, in this
case, microbe

www.csulb.edu/depts/biology/media/cell751.gif
The Third Line of Defence
 The Third Line of Defence
Specific White Blood Cells

All invading cells have

distinctive antigens on their
surface

When the specific white

blood cell comes across a
microbe, it will
a) Make an antibody to match
that microbe’s antigen

b) Tell all the other specific

white blood cells to make
lots of that antibody
 The Third Line of Defence
Specific White Blood Cells

The body’s antibodies find

their matching antigen on the
harmful microbes and lock
on to them
 The Third Line of Defence
Specific White Blood Cells

The antibodies will then

a) Mark the harmful microbes for destruction
b) Stay in the blood after the harmful microbes have been killed ready to
fight them if they should ever return
The body’s defences

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Destroying microbes

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Producing antibodies

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 Immunisation Vaccine

• An effort to • A vaccine contains

stimulate the antigens obtained
body defence from a part or the
against infections whole structure of
in babies, children a weakened or
and adults by dead virus or
injecting bacterium.
vaccines.
 Type of immunity
Immunity – refers to ability of an organism to defend itself
against infection by pathogen.
Immunity

Active Passive
Our body has to produce Our body has to get
the antibody antibody from another
sources
Natural Artificial
-after - injection of Natural Artificial
recovered vaccine -from mother to - injection of
from illness foetus / breastfeeding antiserum
GRAPH OF ACTIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
GRAPH OF ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
GRAPH OF PASSIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
GRAPH OF PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL
IMMUNITY
 STRONG IMMUNE SYSTEM
Exposure to
PESTICIDES

Causes that
Exposure to
polluted air
weaken the Stress
immune system

Excessive
intake of
sugar
 Practises that strengthen the
immune system

Not smoking
Getting Doing
and no
enough periodic
exposure to Exercising
sleep and health
cigarette
rest examination
smoke