DC POWER GENERATION 6.

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
• Depending on the type of aircraft, and the
extent to which electrical power is to be
utilized for operation of its systems and
components,
• The primary supply of such power
• Direct Current (d,c)
• Alternating Current (a.c).
•
 GENERATOR
• A generator is a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy by
process of electromagnetic induction.
• In both d.c. and a.c. types of generator, the
voltage induced is alternating;
• The major difference are the method by which
the electrical energy is collected and applied
to the circuit externally connected to the
generator.
• AC generator the output are collected and
distributed by Slip Ring . The output are
Sinusonal Wave
• To convert the a.c.to dc unidirectional or d.c.,
replace the slip rings with a commutator.
• To smooth out the pulsations and to produce
a more constant output,
• Additional wire loops and commutator are
provided. The pulsating output is reduced to a
ripple.
To smooth DC output many loops are used.

When many
loops are used
they are called
ARMATURE
 INTERNAL RESISTOR IN A DC GENERATOR
•
D.C machine has resistance due to
1. Armature windings
2. Brushes
3. Brush to commutator surface
contact

• This is called internal resistance

and can be measured across the
terminals of the generator.

• Internal resistance causes the

generators terminal voltage
changes in the load current. As the
load current increases, the voltage
dropped across the internal
resistance increases and the
terminal voltage decreases. The generated emf E = Ir + V
 TYPE OF DC GENERATOR

• There commonly two type of DC Generator

• i. The Lap Wound Generator
• Ii. The Wave Wound Generator
• This generator are constructed for their purpose and
function.
• The Lap Wound type are large heavy current type used
for heavy machine puerpose.
• The Wave wound type are smaller in size for low current
type. Typically used as aircraft generater APU. Car ,
etc….
 SHELF EXCITED SHUNT WOUND
GENERATOR
• Shunt-wound generators are used
in aircraft d.c. power supply
systems. The term “shunt-
wound”
• the high-resistance field winding
is connected across or in parallel
with the armature as shown
• The armature current divides into
two branches, one formed by the
field winding, the other by the
external circuit.
• Since the field winding is of high
resistance,
• Advantage is gained of having
maximum current flow through
the external circuit
 DC SHUNT
Field winding connected parallel with armature.
Need a residual magnetism on field and
increase when rotor rotate until saturation.
NOTE. The shunt generators does not
maintain a constant voltage with varying loads.
Maximum during no loads and decrease as the
loads increase.
 STARTER GENERATOR
• Gas turbine aircraft are equipped with
starter-generator systems. Combination
starter-generator
• Operates as a starter motor to drive the
engine during starting,
• After the engine has reached speed,
operates as a generator to supply the
electrical system power.
• The starter-generator unit • Starter Generator
shown
• Basically a shunt generator
with an additional heavy
series winding.
• This series winding is
electrically connected to
produce a strong field and a
resulting high torque for
starting.
• Starter-generator one unit
performs the functions of
both starter and generator
and the total weight of
starting system components
is reduced, and fewer spare
parts are required.
• The starter-generator • Starter Generator Schematic
shown below right has four
windings;
(1) series field,
(2) shunt field,
(3) compensating, and
(4) interpole.
• During starting, the series,
compensating, and
interpole windings are used.
• Direct starter, since all the
of the windings used during
starting are in series with
the source of 24 volts DC
and 1,500 amperes is
usually required for starting.
While acting as a starter,
shunt field is not used .
• When operating as a GENERATOR
• Shunt Field, compensating Field and
Interpole windings are used.
• The output voltage is controlled by
connecting:
a.The shunt field in the voltage regulator
circuit.
b.The compensating and interpole windings
provide almost sparkless commutation from
no-load to full-load.
 GENERATOR CHARATERISTIC
• The characteristics of a generator
• relationship between voltage and the load
current flowing in the external circuit connected
to a generator,
• there are two type of charaters
The external characteristic or relationship
between terminal voltage and load current,
The internal characteristic or relationship
between the actual electromagnetic force (emf)
generated in the armature windings and load
current.
 TYPICAL GENERATOR CONTRUCTION
• The major parts, of a DC generator are :
a. Field frame/yoke
b. Rotating armature,
c. Commutators and
d. Brush assembly.
 Field Frame
• The field frame (or yoke)
constitutes the FIELD FRAME
foundation of a generator.
• The frame has 2 primary
functions:
• 1) It completes the
magnetic circuit between
the poles
• 2) It acts as a mechanical
support for the other
parts.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC POLES
• The magnetizing force inside a
generator is produced by an
electromagnet consisting of a
wire coil called a field coil and
a core called a field pole, or ELECTROMAGNETIC
shoe. POLES
• The pole are laminated to
reduce eddy currents losses
• concentrate the lines of force
• There is always one north pole
for each south pole, so there is
an even number of poles in a
generator.
• The main advantages of using
electromagnetic poles are FIELD
• (1) Increased field strength WINDING
• (2) A means of controlling the
field strength.
 FIELD COILS AND POLE SHOE

• Reducing the space of air gap

between the poles and the
rotating armature. This
increases the efficiency of the
armature.
• When the pole piecesare
known salient poles.
• The field coils are made up of
many turns of insulated wire.
• The coils are wound and
fastened on an iron core or
pole shoes.
• The current required to
produce the magnetic field is
self generated by the unit
itself.
 ARMATURE
• The armature assembly
consists
• armature coils,
• the commutator,
• The armature is mounted on
a shaft which rotates in
bearings located in the
generator’s end frames.
• the armature rotated in the
magnetic field They are
laminated to prevent the eddy
currents.
• Since the armature rotates, it
is also called a rotor.
•
 COMMUTATORS
• The commutator
converts the Alternating
current flowing in the
armature (Rotor) into
DC
• The raised portion of
each segment is called
the Riser,
• the leads of the
Armature coils are
soldered to each riser.
 LAP WINDING CONFIGURATION
• One end of a single
armature coil attaches to
one commutator segment
while the other end is
soldered to the adjacent
segment. This is known as
LAP WINDING
• When an armature rotates
at operational speed, the
magnetic fields that it
produces lags behind the
speed of rotation.
• Lap winding is a method for
stabilizing these armature
magnetic fields.
 CARBON BRUSH
• Carbon brushes act as the
electrical contact between
armature coils and an
external circuit.
• A flexible braided-copper
conductor, called a pig-tail,
connects each brush to the
external circuit/load
• The brushes are made of
high grade carbon and held
in place by spring-loaded
brush holders that are
insulated from the frame.
 TERMINAL BLOCK
• The lead from the brush and field windings
are connected to the terminal posts
Secured to a block mounted on the
commutator end frame
Sometime on the yoke assembly.
The terminals and block are enclosed in a box-
like cover also secured to the end frame.
• SECTIONED VIEW OF A GENERATOR
 COMMUTATION
• Commutation is a process
DC voltage output is taken from an armature
which is ac voltage induced in it.
A DC voltage is applied to the load because
the output connections are reversed as each
commutator segment passes under a brush.
No sparking can occur between the
commutator and the brush.
Sparking between brushes and commutator
is an indication of improper commutation
because improper placement of the brushes.
 SPARKING SUPPRESSION
• Sparking at the brushes of a generator, will
results in the propagation of electromagnetic
waves which interfere with the reception of radio
signals.
• Screening and suppressing will reduce the
interference from generators
• Screening involves the enclosure of a generator in
a continuous metallic casing and the sheathing of
output supply cables in a metallic tubing or
conduit
 To prevent interference being conducted
along the distribution cable system,
The screened output cables are terminated in
a filter or suppressor units.
• Low or high by pass filters.
• These filters are connected between
generator casing (earth) and
terminals.
• The use of internal suppression
system will help to save in overall
weight of a generator installation.
 Types of filters

• A.High pass filters

• B. low pass filters
• C. Band Pass filters
• D. Band Stop Filters
• E. Smoothing and Decoupling Circuit
• L offers low reactance to the low frequencies, it pass
easily to output terminals, causes high reactance to
higher frequencies.
• Capacitor C offers a low reactance to the high
frequencies, it filtered off through it, but C offers a high
reactance to low frequencies and it does not attenuate .
• To improves the attenuation of the higher frequencies,
number of these filter circuits are used in succession.
cascade .
SMOOTHING AND DECOUPLING CIRCUIT
• Smoothing and Decoupling circuits are special
applications of filters.
• A smoothing circuit changes a pulsating d.c.
to a smooth d.c. in power supply circuits.
The filter circuit offers a high reactance to a.c.
and a low reactance to d.c.
• A Decoupling circuit removes any unwanted
a.c. from a d.c. voltage. The circuit offers a
high reactance to d.c. and a low reactance to
a.c.
•
 TYPICAL SMOOTHING AND DECOUPLING
CIRCUIT
• This type of circuit a common in rectifier
circuit
 DC POWER GENERATOR
• The DC Power Generation consist of
• Aircraft generator output is 28 V DC.
• Aircraft battery output is 24 volts DC.
• 4 major components of the shunt wound generator:
Yoke
Armature.
End frames.
Brush gear assembly.
• A typical aircraft power and generation system