PETE 410

NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

Ibrahim Kocabas
Petroleum Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
 Natural Gas Engineering

Learning Objectives of Lecture 5:

 Concepts of OGIP, gas reserves and

recovery factor
 Gas in place by volumetric equation
 Material balance equation of dry and wet
gases
 Decline curves for dry and wet gas
reserves
 Basic concepts

Concepts:
 OGIP: volume of gas at time of discovery
expressed in SCF
 gas reserves: volume of gas that presently
exists and can be recovered economically
expressed in SCF
 recovery factor: ratio of initial reserves to
OGIP
 Methods to estimate basic
quantities
The following methods are applied to
estimate
 OGIP: volumetric methods, MBE
 gas reserves: Volumetric methods, MBE,
decline curve analysis
 recovery factor: volumetric methods,
MBE and decline curve analysis
 Estimation of Gas in Place
Volumetric methods:
Voluetric methods consider
 the reservoir PV at intial conditions and
 at later conditions after some fluid
production and
 associated pressure reduction.

Used early in the life of the reservoir before

signifcant development and production
Estimation of Gas in Place
 Accuracy of volumetric estimates depends on the
availability of sufficient data to characterize the
reservoirs’s
 Areal extent
 Variations in net thickness and
 Ultimately to determine the gas bearing reservoir
PV
 As more wells are drilled and more data become
available the accuracy of these estimates
improves
 Estimation of Gas in Place
Data used to estimate the reservoir PV include
 Well logs
 Core analysis
 Bottom hole pressures, BHP
 Fluid sample analysis
 Well tests
 Estimation of Gas in Place
The avaliable data is used to develop subsurface
maps such as
 Cross sectional maps help to establis reservoir
areal extent and to identify reservoir
discontinuities such as pinchouts, faults, gas
water contacts
 Contour maps are constructed with lines
connecting equal elevations relative to a marker
formation. They portray the geologic structure
 Isopachous maps are constructed with lines of
equal net gas bearing formation thickness.
 Estimation of Gas in Place
With isopachous maps, the reservoir PV can be
estimated by plenimetering the areas between
isopachous lines and using an approximate volume
calculation technique. a).- Trapeziodal rule or
b ).-Pyramidal rule as follows
a
V   An  An 1 
h
2
b h

V  An  An 1  An An 1
3

An is area enclosed by lower isopach line
An+1 is area enclosed by upper isopach line
 Estimation of Gas in Place
For a series of successive trapezoids the total volume
Becomes

V   A0  2 A1  2 A2  .....  2 An 1  An   taveAn 1
a h
2

Where tave is the average thickness above the

maxumum thickness isopach line
Estimation of Gas in Place

Given the plenimetered

areas of this isopachous
map of an idealized
reservoir,
you are asked to calculate
net reservoir volume
 Estimation of Gas in Place
productive planimeter area ratio of interval ΔV
area area* sq. in. acres* areas h,feet equation ac-ft
A0 19.64 450
A1 16.34 375 0.83 5 Trap. 2063
A2 13.19 303 0.80 5 Trap. 1695
A3 10.05 231 0.76 5 Trap. 1335
A4 6.69 154 0.67 5 Trap. 963
a

A5 3.22 74 0.48 5 Pyr. 558

b

A6 0.00 0 0.00 4 Pyr. 99

c
6713 ac-ft

a
V 
5
231  154  963 ac ft
2
V  74  99 ac ft
c 4
b
V 
5
2
 
154  74  154 * 74  558 ac ft
3
 Average reservoir pressure
1. Arithmetic average of well pressures (for
small pressure gradients and uniform
thickness)
2. Average areal pressure (large gradients
and uniform thickness)
3. Average volumetric pressure
(large gradients and noniniform thickness)
 Average reservoir pressure
n
 pi
Well average pressure pR  1
n

n
 pi Ai
pR  0
Areal average pressure  Ai
n

0
n
 pi Ai hi
pR  0
Volume average pressure n
 Ai hi
0
Average reservoir pressure
 Average reservoir pressure
pressure drainage
well. No p*A h,ft p*A*h A*h
psia area ac
1 2,750 160 440,000 20 8,800,000 3,200
2 2,680 125 335,000 25 8,375,000 3,125
3 2,840 190 539,600 26 1,409,600 4,940
4 2,700 145 391,500 31 12,136,500 4,495
10,970 620 1,706,100 43,341,100 15,760

10970
pR   2743 psia well aveage
4

pR 
1706100
 2752 psia areal aveage
620

43 341100
pR   2750 psia Volume average
15760
 Average reservoir pressure
Volume average pressure based on isobaric
maps superposed on isopach maps
n
 pi Ai hi
pR  0
n
 Ai hi
0

Same formula is valid expect we use block

volumes contained between isobars and
Isopachs as in the following figure.
Average reservoir pressure
 Average reservoir pressure
pressure
area acres* h,ft A*h p*A*h
psia
A 25.5 2,750 25 637.5 175,313,000
D 15.1 2,750 15 226.5 62,288,000
C 50.5 2,850 25 126.5 359,813,000
D 30.2 2,850 15 453.0 129,105,000
2579.5 726,519,000

726 519 000

pR   2817 psia Volume average
2579.5
 Average reservoir pressure
Volume average pressure based on isobaric
maps superposed on isopach maps
n
 pi Ai hi
pR  0
n
 Ai hi
0

Same formula is valid expect we use block

volumes contained between isobars and
Isopachs as in the following figure.
 Gas in place: volumetric dry
gas reservoir
Assume that the PV occupied by the gas, i.e.
Vg, and water saturation remain constant
during the production of the reservoir

PV  43560 Ah ft 3
Vg  43560 Ah (1  S wi ) ft 3
43560 Ah (1  S wi )
G SCF
B gi
 Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Gas remained at abandonment is

PV  43560 Ah ft 3

Vg  43560 Ah (1  S wi ) ft 3

43560 Ah (1  S wi )
Ga  SCF
Bga
 Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Produced volume at abondonment

43560 Ah (1  S wi ) 43560 Ah (1  S wi )

G p  G  Ga  
B gi B ga

Recovery factor is
Gp G  Ga B gi
RF   1 
G G B ga
 Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F =20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=500 psia
Za=0.970 ?
 Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Home exercise. Given the following data
calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric wet gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F =20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Pa=500 psia
Assume the same properties of example 1.8
 Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
If there is a water influx, gas remained at
abandonment is
43560 Ah (1  S wa )
Ga  SCF
Bga

Hence, produced volume at abondonment

43560 Ah (1  S wi ) 43560 Ah (1  S wa )

G p  G  Ga  
Bgi Bga
 Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
Since (1-Swa)=Sgr, amount produced is

43560 Ah (1  S wi ) 43560 AhS gr

G p  G  Ga  
Bgi Bga

Thus recovery factor becomes

GpG  Ga Bgi S gr
RF   1 
G G Bga (1  S wi )
 Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
Assuming that non all of the reservoir is swept by
the encroaching water, the reservoir gas will be
divided into two portions.
 gas remaining in the portion swept by the
water
 trapped gas region because it was bypassed by
encroaching water
Thus produced gas becomes

G p  G  EvGa  (1  Ev )Gt
 Recovery Factor: water drive dry
gas reservoir
 In terms of PV saturations and FVFs

43560 Ah (1  S wi ) 43560 AhS gr 43560 Ah (1  S wi )

Gp   Ev  (1  Ev )
Bgi Bga Bga

 Thus recovery factor becomes

Gp B gi  S gr 1  Ev 
RF   1  Ev   
G 
B ga  (1  S wi ) Ev 

 Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
Water drive dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F =20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=750 psia
Za=0.55 Sgr=0.35 Ev=100 and Ev=60%%
 Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F =20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=500 psia
Za=0.970 ?