1

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

(SQL)

Prepared by:-

Shweta Wadhera
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DBMS LAB-1
Learning Objectives

 Introduction to SQL
 Concept of Table and Relation
 Classification of SQL
 Table Creation
 Data Insertion
 Data Retrieval
 Table Structure
 Modification
 Data Deletion
 Table Deletion
 3

In this session, you will learn …..

 The basic commands and functions of SQL

 How to use SQL for data administration (to create tables etc.)

 How to use SQL for data manipulation (to add, modify, delete
data)

 How to use SQL to query a database to extract useful

information
 4
Structured Query Language(SQL)

 SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and

management of data in relational database.

 SQL is structured Query Language which is a computer language for

storing, manipulating and retrieving data stored in relational database.

 SQL is the standard language for Relation Database System. All relational
database management systems like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase,
Informix, and SQL Server uses SQL as standard database language.
 Why SQL ? 5

 Allows users to access data in relational database

management Systems.
 Allows users to describe the data.
 Allows users to define data in database and manipulate that
data.
 Allows users to create and drop databases and tables.
 Allows users to create view, stored procedure, functions in a
database.
 Allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures, and
views
Oracle has grouped the commands of SQL into the following five 6

sublanguages.

 DDL (Data Definition Language):

Create,Alter,Drop,Rename
 DML(Data Manipulation Language)

Insert,Update,Delete
 DQL(Data Query Language)

Select
 DCL(Data Control Language)
Grant,Revoke
Introduction to: 7

SQL Data Definition commands

Introduction to : 8

SQL Data Manipulation commands

 9
Introduction to SQL DML (continued….)
 10
Relation and Tables

In relational database systems (DBS) data are represented

using tables (relations). A query issued against the DBS also
results in a table. A table has the following structure:
 11
 A table is uniquely identified by its name and
consists of rows that contain the stored
information, each row containing exactly one tuple (or record).

 A table can have one or more columns.

 A column is made up of a column name and a

data type, and it describes an attribute of the
tuples. The structure of a table, also called
relation schema.

 The type of information to be stored in a table is

defined by the data types of the attributes at table
creation time.
 Data Types 12

 char(n): Fixed-length character data (string), n characters long. The maximum

size for n is 255 bytes (2000 in Oracle8). Note that a string of type char is
always padded on right with blanks to full length of n.
Example: char(40)

 varchar2(n): Variable-length character string. The maximum size for n is 2000

. Only the bytes used for a string require storage.
Example: varchar2(80)

 number(o, d): Numeric data type for integers and reals. o = overall
number of digits, d = number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
Maximum values: o =38, d= -84 to +127.
Examples: number(8), number(5,2)
Note that, e.g., number(5,2) cannot contain anything larger than 999.99
without resulting in an error. Data types derived from number are
int[eger], dec[imal], smallint and real.

 date: Date data type for storing date and time. The default format for a
date is: DD-MMM-YY. Examples: '13-OCT-94', '07-JAN-98'
 13

Creating Table Structures

 Primary key attributes contain both a NOT NULL and

a UNIQUE specification

 RDBMS will automatically enforce referential integrity

for foreign keys

 Command sequence ends with semicolon

Create Command 14

 Create Command Syntax:

 CREATE TABLE table-name
(
Column-name-1 data-type-1 [constraint],
Column-name-1 data-type-2 [constraint],
Column-name-1 data-type-3 [constraint]
);

Example :-
 CREATE TABLE student ( Rno number(10), student_name
varchar2(30), cgpa decimal(5,3),branch varchar2(10), mob_no
number(10) );
 15

 Example :-
 16
Describe Command

Describe Command will Display the column names and

corresponding data types present in the table.

Syntax :

describe table-name;
Desc table-name;

Example :-

desc student
 17

Insert Command

It can be executed in the following three ways

 Insert into table-name values(value1,value2,....,valuen);
 Insert into table-name {(col1,col2,...,coln)} values
(value1,value2,...,valuen);

 Example 1 :-
INSERT INTO Student
(Rno, student_name, address)
VALUES (1005, ‘Anisha Chopra’, ‘A-6/95 JP Towers
Dwarka’ ) ;
 18
Example2 :--

INSERT INTO Employee

VALUES
(‘1006’, ‘J R Pradhaan’ ,’Manager’ ,’02-jul-1986’,20,50000) ;

INSERT INTO Employee

(Eno, Ename, Designation, Hire_dt, Dept_no, Salary )
VALUES (‘1006’, ‘J R Pradhaan’ ,’Manager’ ,’02-jul-
1986’,20,50000) ;
View the contents of table …… 19

SELECT Command

 The SELECT Clause lists the columns to display.

 The FROM clause lists the tables from which to obtain the
data.

 The WHERE clause specifies the condition or conditions that

need to be satisfied by the rows of the tables indicated in the
FROM clause.

 The ORDER BY clause indicates the criterion or criteria used

to sort rows that satisfy WHERE clause
 20

Many faces of Select Command ……

SELECT STATEMENT Syntax:

SELECT col1,col2,col3,...,coln
FROM table-1,...,table-n
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY col1 [ASC|DESC] [, col2 [ASC|DESC] ...]];

Global Data Extract

Syntax : SELECT * FROM tablename ;

Example : SELECT * FROM Employee ;

 Continued….. 21

 The Retrieval of specific columns from a Table :

Syntax : SELECT “expression list”
FROM tablename ;
Examples:
SELECT vend_name, vend_code
FROM vendor_table ;

 Elimination of duplicates from the SELECT statement :

Syntax : SELECT DISTINCT Colname, colname
FROM tablename ;
Examples :
SELECT DISTINCT vendor_no
FROM vendor_table ;
Continued …. 22

 Sorting of Data in a Table :

Syntax : SELECT Colname, colname

FROM tablename
ORDER BY Colname , colname ;

Example : SELECT Rno, Student_name , address , city

FROM Student
ORDER BY Rno ;
Where Clause 23

The Conditions are of the following form

Column-name comparison operator single-value

Comparison Operators Description

= Equal to
<> Not equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
SELECT continued ….. 24

 USING WHERE clause , selecting a data set from

table data :

Syntax : SELECT colname , colname

FROM tablename
WHERE search condition ;

Example : SELECT vendor_no , vendor_name

FROM vendor_table
WHERE vendor_no = 1005 ;
 25

Modifying the structure of the Table

Adding new column
Syntax : ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD (new_column_name data type (size), new_column_name
data type (size) ) ;

Eg 1:
ALTER TABLE department
ADD ( no._of_emp number(4) ) ;

Eg 2:
ALTER TABLE vendor_table
ADD ( tel_no number(8), fax_no number(15) ) ;
 26
Modifying the structure of the Table

Modifying Existing Column

Syntax : ALTER TABLE tabename

MODIFY (column_name newdatatype (size) ) ;

Eg :
ALTER TABLE vendor_table
MODIFY (fax_no varchar2(15) ) ;
 27
Updating the contents of a Table
 Syntax:
UPDATE tablename
SET columnname = expression [, columname = expression
[WHERE columname = expression ] ;

 If more than one attribute is to be updated in row,

separate corrections with commas

Example 1:

UPDATE Department
SET no_of_emp = 50
WHERE Dno = 10
Updating the contents of a Table 28

Example 2:

UPDATE Department
SET no_of_emp = 200
WHERE Dno = 30

Example 3:

UPDATE Vendor
SET vendor_ name = ‘Varsha Kapoor’ ,
address = ‘ A 8/97, J P Towers, Dwarka’
WHERE vendor_no = 1005 ;
Deleting Table Rows 29

Deletion of ALL Rows ……..

Syntax : DELETE FROM tablename ;

Example : DELETE FROM Student;

Deletion of specified Rows :-

Syntax : DELETE FROM tablename

[WHERE conditionlist ]
If WHERE condition is not specified, all rows from specified table
will be deleted
Example :
Delete From Department
where Dno = ‘ 20’ ;
 30

DROP COMMAND

DROP command will permanently delete the table with all its data

DROP TABLE table-name [CASCADE CONSTRAINT];

Special Operators 31

 BETWEEN
 Used to check whether attribute value is within a range
 IS NULL
 Used to check whether attribute value is null
 LIKE
 Used to check whether attribute value matches given string
pattern
 IN
 Used to check whether attribute value matches any value within
a value list
 EXISTS
 Used to check if subquery returns any rows
 32

ALTER COMMAND
 One can add a new column,drop an existing column,modify the
datatype of a column,and drop the constraints using the following
commands respectively.

 ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN_name datatype;

 ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

 ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY (column_name,datatype);

 ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT

constraint_name;
Lab Assignment-1 33

Create the follwing tables

 branch(branch_name, branch_city, assets)

 customer(customer_name, customer_street, customer_city)
 loan(loan_number, branch_name, amount)
 borrower(customer_name, loan_number)
 account(account_number, branch_name, balance)
 depositor(customer_name, account_number)
Assignment Continued….. 34

 Populate the branch table with the following data

branch_name branch_city assets
Brighton Brooklyn 7100000
Downtown Brooklyn 9000000
Mianus Horseneck 400000
North Town Rye 3700000
Perryridge Horseneck 1700000
Pownal Bennington 300000
Redwood Palo Alto 2100000
Round Hill Horseneck 8000000
Assignment Continued….. 35

 Populate the customer table with the following data

Customer_name Customer_street Customer_city

Adams Spring Pittsfield
Brooks Senator Brooklyn
Curry North Rye
Glenn Sand Hill Woodside
Green Walnut Stamford
Hayes Main Harrison
Johnson Alma Palo Alto
Jones Main Harrison
Lindsay Park Pittsfield
Smith North Rye
Turner Putnam Stamford
Williams Nassau Princeton
Assignment Continued.. 36

 Populate the loan table with the following data

loan_number branch_name Amount

L-11 Round Hill 900

L-14 Downtown 1500

L-15 Perryridge 1500

L-16 Perryridge 1300

L-17 Downtown 1000

L-23 Redwood 2000

L-93 Mianus 500

 37

Assignment Continued...
 Populate the borrower realtion the following data

Customer_name loan_number

Adams L-16
Curry L-93
Hayes L-15
Jackson L-14
Jones L-17
Smith L-11
Smith L-23
Williams L-17
 38

Assignment Continued...
 Populate account relation with the following data

account_number branch_name balance

A-101 Downtown 500
A-215 Mianus 700
A-102 Perryridge 400
A-305 Round Hill 350
A-201 Brighton 900
A-222 Redwood 700
A-217 Brighton 750
 39

Assignment Continued...
 Populate the depositor relation with the following data

Customer_name account_number
Hayes A-102
Johnson A-101
Johnson A-201
Jones A-217
Lindsay A-222
Smith A-215
Turner A-305
Create the following table….. 40

Create a student table with the following data

Regdno Student_name Branch

1001 Surya CSE
1002 Binaya ETC
1003 Arup CSE

 Add the CGPA Column, to the student table (the type

must be a floating point type)
 Update the contents of CGPA column
 Modify the existing type of regdno.
 Update the student_name to Apoorv and Branch name
to ‘ETC’ where the Regdno= 1003
 Now delete all the data present in the student table.
 Drop the table
Create the following two tables to store the details of sales
made by its various salesmen in departmental store 41

Salesman( Sales man identification, Name ,Date of birth,

Address, Marital Status, Phone num )

Sale (Sales man identification, Product code, Units sold,

Value, The date of sale)

Create table salesman

(SID number(3) NOT NULL Primary Key, SNAME
varchar2(20), DOB DATE, address Varchar2(50), MSTATUS
Varchar2(1),PHONE number(10) );

Create table SALE( SID number(3), PCODE number(3),

UNITS_SOLD number(5), VALUE number(6,2),
DATE_SOLD DATE );
 42
 Create the table and add foreign key constraint

Create table SALE ( SID number(3), PCODE number(3) , UNITS_SOLD

number(5), VALUE number(6,2), DATE_SOLD DATE ,
CONSTRAINT sid_fkey
FOREIGN KEY (SID) REFERENCES SALESMAN (SID) ) ;

 Alter the Table to add foreign key CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE SALE
ADD CONSTRAINT sid_fkey
FOREIGN KEY (SID) REFERENCES SALESMAN (SID) ;
INSERT INTO Salesman 43

VALUES (101, ‘ ATUL VERMA’ , ’30-NOV-1985’, ‘New Delhi’, ‘U’,

9818181232);

INSERT INTO Salesman

VALUES (102, ‘ ANU Soodi ’ , ’20-OCT-1982’, ‘New Delhi’, ‘U’,
9820202323);

INSERT INTO Sale

VALUES(101,111,100, 200, ‘20-JAN-17’ );

INSERT INTO Sale

VALUES(105, 111, 10,200, ’18-JAN-17’);
 Create two tables , to computerize a library system of a delhi44
university college.

LibraryBooks ( AccNo , Title, Author, Department, Purchase Date,

Price )

IssuedBooks ( Accno , Borrower )

 Enter atleast 5 records in each table .

 45

ALTER TABLE IssuedBooks

ADD CONSTRAINT fk_acc_no
FOREIGN KEY (Acc_no) REFERENCES
LibraryBooks( Acc_no) ;
Create the following table to store the details of an Employee……
46

EMPLOYEE ( Empno , Ename , JOB, Mgr , Hire Date, Salary ,

Commission, Department no )

1) Write a query to display name, job,hire date and employee no for

each employee with empno appearing first.

SELECT empno, ename, job , hiredate

FROM emp ;

2) Write a query to display unique jobs from the employee table.

SELECT DISTINCT job

FROM emp;
3 ) Write a query to display name concatenated by a job
47
separated by a comma .

SELECT ename || ‘,’ || job

As name_and_Job
FROM emp ;

4) Write a query to display all data from employee table.

Separate each column by a comma and name the column
THE_OUTPUT .

5) Write a query to display the name and salary of employees

earning more than $2850 .

6) Write a query to display the name and Department number

for emp no 7900.
 48
7 ) Write a query to display the name and salary of all
employees whose salary is not in the range of $1500 and
$3000.
use of NOT BETWEEN ….

8 ) Write a query to display employee name, job, hire date

of employees hired between FEB 20, 1981 and MAY 1,
1981. Order the query in ascending order of start date.

use of BETWEEN …..

9) Write a query to display the name and department
number of All employees in departments 10 and 30 in
alphabetical order by name.

use of OR …..
 49
10 ) Write a query to display the name and salary and Dept
no of employees who earnes more than $1500 and are in
dept no 10 or 30 .
Use of AND ……

11 ) Write a query to display the name and hire date of

every employees who were hired in 1981.

Use of LIKE and ‘ %’…….

12 ) Write a query to display the name and Job of all

employees who do not have a manager.

Use of IS NULL …….

 50

13 ) Write a query to display the names of all

employees where the third letter of their name is A.

Use of Like and % and ‘_’

14 ) Write a query to display the names of all

employees that have two ‘R ‘s or A ‘s in their name and
are in department num 30 or their manager is 7788.

Select ename
From emp
Where (ename LIKE ‘ %R%R%’ OR ename LIKE
‘%A%A%’ ) AND ( ( deptno =30) OR (mgr=7788) ) ;
 51

Functions …….

AVG AVG( [ DISTINCT | ALL] n )

 Returns the avg value of n , ignoring NULL values.
Ex 1 :
SELECT AVG( sal ) as “Average salary “
FROM emp ;

Ex 2 :
SELECT AVG( DISTINCT sal ) as “ Average salary “
FROM emp ;

Duplicate values are eliminated when the function is used along

with DISTINCT .
 52

COUNT (expr)
Syntax COUNT( [DISTINCT | ALL ] expr ) ;

Returns the number of rows where expr is NOT

NULL . ( ignores rows having NULL )
EX 1:
SELECT COUNT (jobs) “Count is “
FROM emp;

Ex 2 :
SELECT COUNT ( DISTINCT jobs) “Count without duplicates “
FROM emp ;
 53

COUNT ( * )
 Returns the num of rows in the Table , Including Duplicates
and those with NULL values.

Ex : SELECT COUNT( * ) “Total no of rows”

FROM emp ;

MAX
Returns MAX value of expression .

Ex : SELECT MAX(sal) “Maximum “

FROM emp ;
 54

 MIN Syntax MIN ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr )

Returns minimum value of expression.

Ex : SELECT MIN ( hiredate ) “ Minimum date”

FROM emp ;
 55

Q J ) Query to display the no. of managers without

listing their names .

Q K ) Query to display the difference b/w the highest

and lowest salaries .
 56

Q J)
SELECT COUNT ( DISTINCT mgr )
FROM emp ;

Q K)

SELECT ( MAX ( salary) – MIN (salary ) )

FROM emp ;
 57
SUM
Syntax : SUM( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] n)
EX 1:
SELECT SUM( sal ) “ Sum of salaries”
FROM emp ;

Ex 2 : SELECT SUM ( DISTINCT sal ) “ sum of salaries”

FROM emp ;

ABS
Returns the absolute value of n .
Ex :
SELECT ABS (-15) as “ Absolute value”
FROM dual ;
 58
ROUND
Syntax ROUND ( n[,m] )
Returns n rounded to m places, right of the decimal point;
to 0 places if m is omitted .
Ex :
SELECT ROUND(15.19 , 1) “ Rounded val “
FROM dual ;

SQRT
Syntax SQRT( n )
Returns square root of n; NULL if n<0 .
Ex :
SELECT SQRT (25) “ Square root”
FROM dual ;
 59
LOWER

Syntax : LOWER ( char );

Returns char with all letters in lower case
Ex :
SELECT LOWER ( ‘ ABCDEF ‘ ) as “ Lower text “
FROM dual ;

UPPER

Syntax : UPPER ( char )

Returns char with all letters in Upper case
Ex :
SELECT UPPER (‘abcdef ‘ )
FROM dual ;
 60

LENGTH

Syntax : LENGTH ( char )

Returns the length of char .

Ex :
SELECT LENGTH (‘ pretty’) as “ Length of str”
FROM dual ;

Length of str
------------------
6
 61
LPAD

Syntax : LPAD (char1 , n , [ char2 ] )

Returns char1, left padded with the sequence of chars in

char2.
Total length with padding is n .
Default value of char2 is blank.

Ex :
SELECT LPAD( ‘Page1’ , 14, ‘ * ‘ ) “ Lpad output “
FROM dual ;

Lpad output
---------------------
********Page 1
 62
 RPAD
Syntax : RPAD (char1 , n , [ char2 ] )

Returns char1, right padded with the sequence of chars in

char2.
Total length with padding is n .
Default value of char2 is blank.

Ex :
SELECT RPAD( ename , 10, ‘ x ‘ ) “ ename as
Rightpadded output “
FROM emp
WHERE ename = ‘ PRIYA’ ;

ename as Rightpadded output

-----------------------------------------
PRIYAxxxxx
 TO_CHAR ( DATE TO CHAR CONVERSION )
63

 Syntax : TO_CHAR( d [ , fmt ] )

Converts a value of DATE datatype to CHAR datatype in

the format specified as fmt.
Also fmt must be a date format.
If fmt is skipped, the given date d is converted to a character
value having the default date format , which is
“ DD-MON-YY” .
Ex :
SELECT TO_CHAR(hiredate, ‘ Month DD,YYYY ‘) as
“New Date Format “
FROM emp
WHERE ename = ‘ SMITH ‘ ;
Output : New Date Format
-------------------------------
January 26, 2017
 64

Usage of IN and NOT IN ……

Q ) Write a query to display Name, Job, and salary of all

employees whose Job is Clerical or Analyst & their salaries
are not equal to 1000, 3000 or 5000.

SELECT ename, job , salary

FROM emp
WHERE job IN ( ‘ Clerk’ , ‘ Analyst ‘ ) AND ( salary NOT IN
(1000, 3000, 5000 ) ) ;
 65
Q ) Write a query to display Name , Salary , Commission for
all employees whose commission amount is greater than their
Salary increased by 5% .

SELECT ename, salary , commission

FROM emp
WHERE commission > ( salary * 1.05) ;

Q ) Write a query to display the current date .

SELECT SYSDATE
FROM dual ;
 66

Q A ) Query to display Employee No. , Name , Salary and the

Salary increased by 15 % expressed as absolute whole
number .
Based on ROUND Fn ……….
 67

QA)

SELECT eno , ename , salary , ROUND ( salary * 1.15 ) AS

“ NEW SALARY “
FROM emp ;
 68

Q B ) Query to display name and calculate the number of

months between today and the date each employee was hired.

QB)
SELECT ename,
ROUND ( MONTHS_BETWEEN ( (Select SYSDATE from dual ) ,
hiredate ) ) as “ Num_of_Months “
FROM emp ; Imbedded Query
which returns Date
type value
Date type Value
 69

Q C ) Query to display the following for each employee :--

< ename > earns < salary > monthly but wants < 3 * current
salary > .
Label the column as DREAM SALARY .

Q D ) Query to display name and salary for all employees .

Format the salary to be 15 character long , left padded with
$ sign .
 70

QC)
SELECT ename || ‘ earns ‘ || salary || ‘ monthly but wants ‘ ||
3 * salary as “ Dream Salary “
FROM emp ;

Q D ) SELECT ename , LPAD (salary , 15 , ‘$ ‘) as “ FORMATTED

SALARY “
FROM emp ;
 71

Q E ) Query to display Name with 1st letter capitalized and

all other letters lower case & length of the name of all the
employees whose names start with ‘ J’ , ‘ A” and ‘M’ .

**Q F ) Query to display name , hiredate and day of the week

on which the employee started .
 72

QE)

SELECT INITCAP( ename ) as “ NAME “,

LENGTH ( ename ) as “ LENGTH “
FROM emp
WHERE ename LIKE ‘J % ‘
OR ename LIKE ‘ A % ‘
OR ename LIKE ‘ M %’ ;
 73

**Q F )

SELECT ename , hiredate, TO_CHAR( hiredate , ‘ DAY’ ) as

“ Day Of Week “
FROM emp ;
 74

Based on Subquery concept ………

Q G ) Query to display the Employee No , name and

salary for all employees who earn more than the
average salary .

Q H ) Query to display Name and Hiredate for all

employees in the same dept as BLAKE .
 75

Subquery

QG)
SELECT eno , ename , salary
FROM emp
WHERE salary > ( SELECT AVG ( salary )
FROM emp ) ;
 76

Q H ) Sub query concept

SELECT ename , hiredate

FROM emp
WHERE Dno = ( SELECT Dno
FROM emp
WHERE ename = ‘ BLAKE ‘ ) ;
 77

Sub query concept …………..

Q I ) Query to display the employee name and salary of

all employees who report to king .
 78

Q I ) sub query concept

SELECT ename , salary

FROM emp
WHERE mgr = ( SELECT eno
FROM emp
WHERE ename = ‘ KING ‘ ) ;
Thank You

79