Module 4

Common Emergencies
 Bleeding and Shock

Bleeding is the loss of Types of Bleeding

blood escaping from the  Arterial bleeding
circulatory system.  Venous bleeding
 Capillary bleeding
Techniques to Control
Bleeding
 Direct pressure
 Pressure bandage
Shock is a condition in Signs and Symptoms
which the circulatory  Restlessness or irritability
system fails to deliver  Altered level of
enough oxygen-rich consciousness
blood to the body’s  Pale, ashen or greyish
tissues and vital organs. color, moist skin
 Rapid breathing
 Rapid and weak pulse
 Excessive thirst
First Aid Management
 Make the person lie down.
 Control any external bleeding.
 Legs may be raised 6 to 12 inches.
 Help the person maintain normal body
temperature.
 Do not give the person anything to eat or drink.
 Reassure the person every so often.
Soft Tissue Injuries
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

WOUNDS
is any physical injury involving a break in the layers
of the skin. Wounds are generally classified as either
closed or open.
Two Classifications of Wound

1. Closed Wound
A closed wound is a wound
where the outer layer of the
skin is intact and the damage
lies below the surface

TR 5-5
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

Signs and Symptoms

- Pain and Tenderness - Symptoms of Shock
- Swelling - Vomiting or Cough –Up
- Discoloration Blood
- Hematoma - Passage of blood in the
- Uncontrolled urine or feces
Restlessness - Sign of Blood along mouth
- Thirst nose and ear canal

First Aid Management

I - Ice Application
S- Splinting

TR 5-6
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

Two Types of Wounds cont…

2. Open Wound
In an open wound, the outer layer of skin is broken. The break in
the skin can be as minor as a scrape of the surface layers or
as severe as a deep penetration
Types of OPEN WOUND

Puncture Abrasion

TR 5-7
 First Aid Visual
Types of OPEN WOUND cont’ Aids
Soft Tissue
Laceration Avulsion Injuries

Incision

TR 5-8
 Minor Open Wounds
 Use a barrier between your hand and the
wound.
 Apply direct pressure.
 Wash abrasions and other superficial wounds.
 Apply a Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) antiseptic
solution or, if available, a triple antibiotic
ointment or cream.
 Cover the wound with a sterile dressing.
 Wash your hands immediately after giving
care.
 Major Open Wounds
• Call the local emergency number.
• Put on PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
• Control bleeding by applying direct pressure or
employing a pressure bandage.
• Monitor airway and breathing.
• In cases where the injured party is in shock, keep
him or her from experiencing chills or feeling
overheated.
• Have the person rest comfortably and provide
reassurance.
• Wash your hands immediately after giving care.
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

BURNS
are injuries to the skin
and to other body tissues
that is caused by heat,
chemicals, electricity, or
radiation.
.

TR 5-12
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Soft Tissue
Factors to determine the seriousness Injuries
of burns:
1. The Depth
Superficial (First-degree) burns
Partial-thickness (Second-degree) burns
Full-thickness (Third-degree) burns

TR 5-14
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

TYPES OF BURN INJURIES

1. Thermal Burns 2. Chemical Burns

3. Electrical Burns
TR 5-16
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

THERMAL BURN
Not all thermal burns are
caused by flames.
Contact with hot objects,
flammable vapor that
ignites and causes a
flash or an explosion, and
steams or hot liquid are
other common causes of
burns.

TR 5-17
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

THERMAL BURN cont’

First Aid
Care of First – Degree and Second Degree Burns
- Relieve pain by immersing the burned
area in cold water
- Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking, sterile
dressing or clean cloth

Care for Third – Degree Burns

- Cover the burn with dry, non-sticking, sterile
dressing or a clean cloth
- Treat the victim for shock and keep the
victim warm

TR 5-18
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

CHEMICAL BURN
Chemicals will continue
to cause tissue
destruction until chemical
agent is removed

TR 5-19
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

CHEMICAL BURN cont’

Care for Chemical Burns
- Immediately remove the chemical by
flushing of water
- Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing
while flushing with water
- Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim
wash with a mild soap before final rinse
- Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or,
for large areas, a clean pillowcase
- If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at
least 20 minutes, using low pressure
- Seek medical attention immediately for all
chemical burns

TR 5-20
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

ELECTRICAL BURN
The injury severity form
exposure to electrical
current depends on the
type of current, the
voltage, the area of the
body exposed, and the
duration of contact

TR 5- 21
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

ELECTRICAL BURN cont’

Care for Electrical Burns

- Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power

- Check the ABC
- If the victim fell, check for spine injury
- Treat the victim for shock
- Seek medical attention immediately.
Electrical injuries are treated in burn
center

TR 5-22
 Radiation Burns

First Aid Management

 Care for a radiation burn, i.e. sunburn, as you
would for any thermal burn.
 Always cool the burn and protect the area
from further damage by keeping the person
away from the burn source.
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Soft Tissue
SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES Injuries

1. Impaled Objects 2. Amputations

3. Sucking Chest Wound

TR 5-23
 First Aid Visual Aid
Soft Tissue Injurie

4. Nosebleeds 5. Knocked-Out Tooth

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES cont’

6. Abdominal Injuries
TR 5-24
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Soft Tissue
Injuries
7. Eye Injuries

Blows to the Eye Chemical Burns

Eye Knocked Out Foreign Object

TR 5-25
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

POISON
Is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to impair health
or cause death when introduced into the body or into the skin
surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.

TR 6-4
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

TR 6-5
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Ways in Which Poisoning May Occur

1. Ingestion – by mouth

2. Inhalation – by breathing

3. Injection – by animal bites, stings, syringes

4. Absorption – by skin contact

TR 6-6
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Common Household Poison

1. Sleeping Pills 5. Denatured Alcohol

2. Pain Relievers 6. Lye and acids including boric

3. Insect and rodent poison

7. Poisonous plants

4. Kerosene 8. Contaminated water

TR 6-7
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

INGESTED POISON
Poisoning by ingestion is considered any substance that's harmful to the
body when ingested, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

TR 6-8
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

INGESTED POISON cont’

Suspected food poisoning if:
1. The victim ate food that “didn’t taste right”, or that may have
been old, improperly prepared, contaminated, left at room
temperature for a long time, or processed with an excessive
amount of chemical.

2. Several people who ate together become ill

TR 6-9
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

INGESTED POISON cont’

Instances when vomiting should not be
induced:
1. If unresponsive

2. Cannot maintain an airway

3. Has ingested as acid, a corrosive such as lye or a petroleum
product such as gasoline or furniture polish

4. Has a medical condition that could be complicated by

vomiting, such as heart attack, seizure and pregnancy

TR 6- 11
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

First Aid INGESTED POISON cont’

1. Call poison Control Center

2. Try to identify the poison

3. Place the victim on his or her left side.

4. Monitor ABCs.

5. Save any empty container, spoiled food for analysis

6. Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken
to an emergency facility

TR 6-12
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

INHALED POISON
Poisoning by inhalation occurs when a person breathes in toxic
fumes.

Poisoning by Inhalation
1. Carbon Monoxide-
gasoline fumes
2. Cyanide- metal
cleaners
3. Chlorine- multi-
purpose cleaner
4. Tear Gas

TR 6-13
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

INHALED POISON cont’

First Aid
1. Open all doors and windows.

2. Remove the victim form the toxic environment

and into fresh air immediately.

3. Monitor ABCs.

4. Seek medical attention.

TR 6-14
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

INJECTED POISON
Injected poisons enter the body through the bites or stings of
insects, spiders, ticks, snakes and some marine life. It could also
enter the body through the insertion of a hypodermic needle.

Poisoning by Injection
1. Snakebites
2. Bee Stings
3. Marine Life with Poisonous Spines

TR 6-17
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

TR 6-23
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Snake Bites

First Aid Management for Snakebites

 Reassure the patient who may be very anxious.
 Avoid any interference with the bite wound such as incising,
rubbing, vigorous cleaning, massaging or applying herbs or chemicals
to it.
 Immobilize the patient’s body by laying him/her down in a
comfortable and safe position.
 A broad elastic roller bandage should be used to cover the bitten
limb.
 Do not remove the trousers as the movement of doing so will only
assist the venom into entering the blood stream.
 Do not attempt to kill the snake as this may be dangerous.

TR 6-24
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Insect Bites cont’

First Aid for Insect Bites
1. Remove stinger. If the sting is in the mouth or
throat give patient an ice cube or cold water to sip.

2. Wash wound.

3. Cover the wound.

4. Apply a cold pack.

5. Watch for signals of allergic reaction.

6. Care for Shock and monitor ABC.

TR 6-18
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Spider Bite/Scorpion Sting

Signs and Symptoms
• Bite mark.

• Swelling

• Pain

• Nausea and vomiting

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing.

TR 6-19
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Spider Bite/Scorpion Sting cont’

First Aid

1. Call Poison Control Center

2. Wash wound.

3. Apply a cold pack

4. Get medical care to receive antivenin.

TR 6-20
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Marine Life Stings

Signs and Symptoms

• Possible marks

• Pain

• Swelling

• Possible allergic reaction.

TR 6-21
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

ABSORBED POISON
Is a poison that enters the body through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms

• History of exposures.

• Liquid or powder on the skin.

• Burns

• Itching, irritation.

• Redness, rash, blisters.

TR 6-15
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

ABSORBED POISON cont'

First Aid for Absorption Poisoning
1. Call Poison Control Center

2. Remove the clothing.

3. Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is
a dry powder, brush it off.

4. Flood the area with copious amounts of water

5. Continually monitor the patient’s vital signs.

TR 6-16
 First Aid Visual Aids
Poisoning

Marine Life Stings cont’

First Aid

1. Call Poison Control Center

2. If jellyfish – soak area in vinegar.

3. If sting ray – soak in non scalding hot water until

pain goes away.

4. Clean and bandage the wound.

TR 6-22
Head and Spine Injuries
 Types
 Head Injury
 Concussion
 Spinal Injury

First Aid Management

 Call the local emergency number.
 Minimize movement of the head, neck and back.
 Check for life-threatening conditions.
 Maintain open airways.
 Monitor consciousness and breathing.
 Control any external bleeding with direct pressure unless the bleeding is located
directly over a suspected fracture.
 Help victim normal body temperature.
 Fractures and Dislocation
First Aid Management Types
R – Rest.  Strain
I – Immobilize.  Sprain
C – Cold.  Dislocation
E – Elevate.  Fracture

Signs And Sypmtoms

1. Pain
2. Significant bruising and swelling
3. Significant Deformity
4. Inability to use affected body part normally
5. Bone fragments sticking out of a wound
6. Grating sensations after hearing a pop or snap
7. Cold, numb and tingly sensations on the injured area
8. When the cause of injury suggests that it maybe severe
 OPEN PHASE
• Head-Top-side
• Chest and back of the chest
• Burnt Hand and foot
 CRAVAT PHASE
• Forehead/Eyes
• Ear-Cheek-Jaw
• Shoulders/Hips
• Forearm/Leg
• Elbow/Back of the elbow
• Palm (Open & Close)
 SPLINTING
• Anatomical – Parte ng Katawan

• Mechanical – Kahoy or ibang

bagay
Mechanical Splinting
• Single

• Sandwich

• L – Type
 IMMOBILIZATION
• Arm Sling – bali at sugat sa braso
• Underarm Sling – dislocation sa
balikat

• Shoe On – nadurog na buto sa paa

• Shoe Off - natapilok
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies

Medical Emergencies

• Stroke
• Diabetes
• Seizures
• Febrile Seizures

TR 8-16
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies

STROKE
is a disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain which
may cause permanent damage to the brain tissue. This
is also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

People over age 50 are the common victims, but younger

people can have them too.

TR 8-17
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

STROKE cont’
Causes
1. Thrombus or embolism.
2. Ruptured artery in the brain.
3. Compression of an artery in the brain.

TR 8-18
Assessment For stroke assessment, think
F.A.S.T., which stands for the following:
 F – Face
 A – Arm
 S – Speech
 T – Time
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
STROKE cont’ Emergencies

Signs and Symptoms

• Weakness and numbness of the face, arm or leg,
often to one side only
• Dizziness, Confusion, Headache
• Ringing in the ears
• Change in mood
• Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
• Loss of bowel and bladder control

TR 8-19
 First Aid
Visual Aids
STROKE cont’ Common
Emergencies
First Aid
• Check the patient’s ABC.

• Have the patient rest in a comfortable position.

• Seek immediately medical help.

• Do not give the patient anything by mouth.

• If the patient loses consciousness, place him or

her in the recovery position and administer first
aid for unconsciousness

TR 8-20
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies

First Aid cont’

• Continue to monitor ABC’s.

• Care for Shock

• Stay with the patient until you have medical help.

TR 8-21
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

DIABETES
is the inability of the body to change
sugar (glucose) from food into energy.

TR 8-23
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies
Types of Emergency Diabetes
1. Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)
Occurs when too much insulin is in the body.

TR 8-23
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies
2. Hyperglycemia (Diabetic Coma)
Happens when there is too much sugar and too little
insulin in the blood, and body cells do not get enough
nourishment.

TR 8-25
 Diabetic Emergencies
Signs and Symptoms
 Changes in level of consciousness, including
dizziness, drowsiness and confusion.
 Irregular breathing.
 Abnormal pulse (rapid or weak).
 Feeling or looking ill.

TR 8-26
 First Aid Management
 First, check and determine if there are any life-threatening
conditions.
 A person with diabetes who is experiencing a diabetic emergency
must be instructed to test his or her blood glucose level.
 A victim experiencing a diabetic emergency due to hypoglycemia
must be encouraged to treat himself/herself with food or drink that
contains sugar. The same action is advised if the condition still is to
be determined or still remains unknown (Are they hypoglycaemic or
hyperglycaemic?).
 If the diabetic person is conscious and is able to swallow and then
states that they need sugar.
 If the person is unconscious or is about to lose consciousness, call
the local emergency number. Maintain an open airway and do not
give anything by mouth.
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

SEIZURES
Seizure is when the normal functions of the brain are disrupted by
injury, disease, fever, poisoning or infection, and the electrical activity
of the brain becomes irregular.

TR 8-28
 First Aid
Visual Aids
SEIZURES cont Common
Emergencies
Signs and Symptoms
• Local tingling or twitching in part of the body
• Brief blackout or period of confused behavior
• Sudden falling, loss of consciousness
• Drooling, frothing of the mouth
• Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching, jerking limbs,
stiffening
• Grunting; snorting
• Temporary cessation of breathing
• Seizure are often associated with other illnesses

TR 8-29
 First Aid
Visual Aids
SEIZURES cont Common
Emergencies

First Aid
If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not
necessary to call physician unless-

• The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes.

• Another seizure begins soon after the first.
• Heor she does not regain consciousness
after the jerking movement has stopped.

TR 8-30
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies
However, you should call physician when
someone having a seizure also-

• Is in the water and has swallowed large

amounts of water.
• Carries identification as a diabetic.

• Is pregnant.

TR 8-31
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

FEBRILE SEIZURES
A high temperature does not necessarily mean the
victim is seriously ill. Some children, However, have febrile
seizure when a high fever is rising or falling.

TR 8-32
 First Aid
Visual Aids
When to get help for Fever Common
Emergencies
Fever is not always cause for alarm, but sometimes it
is a sign of a serious problem. Seek immediately medical
attention if:
• Fever is over 39.4 degrees Celsius
(103 degrees Fahrenheit)
• Fever is accompanied by:
• Difficulty in breathing
• Unusual skin colors
• A rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin
• Shock
• Stiff neck
• Bulging fontanel
TR 8-33
 First Aid
Visual Aids
When to get help for Fever cont Common
Emergencies
• Signs of dehydration
• If the victim appears to be very ill, seek
medical attention

First Aid Management

• After the episode of febrile seizures, take the child’s
temperature.
• It is important to bring the child’s temperature to normal.
Remove all clothes or bed clothes
• Give the child a sponge bath on a counter with
lukewarm water; and turn on a fan. Stop if the child
shivers (do not place child in a bathtub because he
or she could have another seizures in the water).
TR 8-34
 Anaphylaxis
Signs and Symptoms
 Skin becomes swollen
Causes and turns red
 Difficulty in breathing,
 Bee or insect venom wheezing or shortness of
 Pollen breath
 Animal dander  Tight feeling in the chest and
throat
 Latex  Swelling of the face, throat or
 Certain antibiotics and tongue
drugs  Weakness, dizziness or
confusion
 Certain foods like nuts,
 Rashes or hives
peanuts, shellfish and  Low blood pressure
dairy products  Shock
 First Aid Management
 Call the local emergency number
 Calm and reassure the person
 Help the person to rest in the most comfortable
position for breathing
 Monitor the person’s breathing. Look for any changes
in his or her condition
 Assist the person with the use of a prescribed
epinephrine auto-injector, if available
 Give care for life-threatening emergencies
 Document any changes in the person’s condition over
time
 Fainting
is a partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary
reduction of blood flow to the brain.

Signs and Symptoms:

1. Light-headedness or dizziness
2. Signs of shock, such as pale, cool or moist skin
3. Nausea and numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes
 First Aid Management

 Position the victim on his or her back.

 Keep the victim in a lying position.
 Loosen any restrictive clothing, such as a tie or
a buttoned-up collar.
 Check for any other life-threatening and non-
life-threatening conditions.
 Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink.
Environmental
Emergencies
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies

TYPES OF HEAT EMERGENCIES

1. Heat Cramps

2. Heat Exhaustion

3. Heat Stroke or Sunstroke

TR 8-9
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

HEAT CRAMPS
A muscular pain and spasm due largely to loss of salt
from the body in sweating or too inadequate intake of salt

Signs and Symptoms

• Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen or leg

• Heavy Perspiration

• Lightheadedness; weakness

TR 8-10
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies
First Aid
• Have the patient rest with his or her
feet elevated.
• Cool the victim
• Give the patient electrolyte beverages
to sip or make a salted drink.
• To relieve muscle cramps massage
the affected muscle gently but firmly
until they relax

TR 8-11
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

HEAT EXHAUSTION
A response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness,
and collapse due to inadequate intake of water to
compensate for loss of fluids through sweating.

Signs and Symptoms

• Cool, pale or red • Nausea; vomiting
moist skin • Irrational behavior.
• Dilated pupils • Weakness; dizziness
• Head ache • Unconsciousness
• Extreme thirst

TR 8-12
 First Aid
Visual Aids
First Aid Common
Emergencies
• Have the patient rest with his or her
feet elevated.
• Cool the patient.
• Give the patient electrolyte
beverages to sip or make a
salted drink.
• Monitor the patient for signs of
shock.
• If the patient starts having
seizures, protect him/her from injury
and give first aid for convulsions.
• If the patient loses consciousness, give
first aid for unconsciousness.

TR 8-13
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

HEAT STROKE or SUNSTROKE

A response to heat characterized by extremely high body
temperature and disturbance of sweating mechanism.

Signs and Symptoms

• Raised body temperature • Extreme confusion
• Dry, hot, red skin • Weakness
• Dark Urine • Seizures
• Small Pupils • Unconsciousness
• Rapid, Shallow breathing

TR 8-14
 First Aid
Visual Aids
Common
Emergencies

First Aid
• Cool the patient.
• Give First Aid for Shock.
• If the patient starts having
seizures, give first aid
for seizures.
• Keep the patient cool as
you await medical help.

TR 8-15
 First Aid Visual Aid
Common Emergencie

HYPOTHERMIA
Hypothermia is the general cooling of the entire body. In
hypothermia, body temperature drops below 35º C.

Signs and Symptoms

 Shivering (may be absent in later stages of hypothermia)
 Numbness
 Glassy stare or a blank expression
 Apathy or decreasing level of consciousness
 Weakness
 Impaired judgment.

TR 8-4
Emergency Evacuation Drill
-A physical or mental exercise aimed at perfecting facility or skill especially by
regular practice. One good example of earthquake drill is performed by children in
grade school.

Three Types of Drill

 Scheduled Drill
 Unannounced Drill
 In-Services Drills
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH

Causes of Emergency Childbirth

• Rupture tubal pregnancy with concealed hemorrhage
into the abdominal cavity
• Unusual bleeding form the vagina at any stage
• Convulsion associated with pregnancy
• Miscalculations in the anticipated delivery
• Premature onset of labor after an accident
• Delay in transportation
• Other factors which may abbreviate delivery

TR 8-35
 First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies

EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH cont

Signs and Symptoms

1. If labor contractions are approximately 2 minutes apart.
2. If the woman is straining or pushing down with contractions.
3.If the woman is crying out constantly.
4. Warning from the woman that the baby is coming.

TR 8-36
 First Aid
Visual Aids
EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH cont Common
Emergencies

Delivery Procedures
1. Position the mother.

2. Inspection of the presenting part.

3. Delivery of the baby.

4. Care for the Cord.

5. Expulsion of the Afterbirth. (placenta)

6. Care of the new born and the mother.

TR 8-37
 Aquatic Emergencies

An emergency can happen to anyone in, on or

around water. Regardless of how good a
person is at swimming, anyone can get into
trouble because of a sudden illness or injury.
 Causes of Drowning
 Panic  Exhaustion in the water
 Losing control and getting swept into water that is
too deep
 Losing support (as in a sinking boat)
 Getting trapped or entangled in the water
 Using drugs or alcohol before getting into the water
 Suffering from a medical emergency while in the
water
 Using poor judgment while in the water 
Hypothermia
 Trauma  Having a diving accident.
Lifting and Moving
Emergency Move
-Is the movement of a patient to a safe place before initial assessment and care is
provided, typically because there is some potential danger.

Non-emergency Move
-Is the movement of a patient when both the scene and the patient are stable.
 ONE MAN ASSIST
• Assist to Walk
• Carry in Arms
• Packstrap Carry
• Fireman’s carry
• Fireman’s Drag
 TWO MAN ASSIST
• Assist to walk
• Four Hand Seat
• Hand as a litter
• Carry by Extremities
• Fireman’s carry with assistance
 GROUP CARRY
• Bearer’s alongside
• Hammock’s carry
 STRETCHERS
• Blanket Carry

• Poles and Blankets

• Poles and T-Shirts

• Spine Board Management

 TRIAGE
• RED - emergent

• YELLOW - urgent

• GREEN – walking wounded

• BLACK - dead