Early Roads with hard surface

were found in the land of

_____.
MESOPOTAMIA
Roads are constructed for
these purpose:
 1. For the movement of armies in
their conquest and for defense
against invasion.
2. For transport of food and trade of
goods between
neighboring towns and cities.
Who discovered cement?
The Romans
Many of roads built by the
Romans still exist even
after____.
2,000 Years
Characteristically, Roman
Roads were laid on three
courses:
 1. A layer of small broken stones.
2. Followed by layer of small stones
mixed with mortar and then
compacted firmly.
3. Wearing course of massive stone
blocks properly set and
bedded with cement mortar.
During the l7s century, under
the reign of ______, France
made a great stride on road
buildings.
Napoleon the Great
Father of modern road building.
________(1716-1796) the
famous French Engineer
introduced
new methods of construction
and maintenance of stone
roads.
Jerome Tresaguet
 He improved the crown" the
drainage, and the grade of the
road,
including the stone foundation
by reducing the depth of broken
stones to _____.
25 centimeters
 Scottish Engineer born in
Westminster
Abbey, ______(1757-1834),
president and founder of
the lnstitute of Civil Engineer,
introduced some improvements
in the construction methods of
Jerome Tresaguet.
Thomas Telford
 The road
foundation course of Telford
was made of stones having
__________, _________,
_____________.
3 inches minimum thickness
5 inches breadth
7 inches height
 The Macadam road concept
named after _____ (1755-
1836). another famous Scottish
Engineer
road builder and contemporary
of Telford, was developed
and widely accepted.
 John
Louden Mac Adam
 In 1858, Eli Blake invented the
first stone crusher and at the
same period, a steam road roller
weighing 30 tons was
introduced in
France by its inventor, _____
Aveling and Porter.
After the Norman Conquest of
England, it was decreed that:
 The early Saxon Laws imposes
three mandatory duties for
the people to perform, namely:
 1. To repair the roads and
bridges.
2. To repair the castles and the
garrisons
3. To aid repel invasions.
 1. The king's Highway is sacred. Anybody
who occupies any portion thereof, by
exceeding the boundaries of his
land, is considered to have encroached on
the king himself. Roads are for public use.
All persons who want to use them may
do.
 2. Property owners adjoining the
roads were required to drain the road,
clip any bordering hedges, and refrain
from plowing and planting trees,
shrubs, or bushes closer than the
specified distance from the center of
the road.
Highways in the Philippines

Transportations in this country

depended
largely on____,
___,____,____,____.
 Trails
Waterways
Railroad
Earth roads
Partially graveled roads
 The ___________initiated the
development of roadways in the
Philippines,
connecting towns, cities and
provinces
 American
government
 The popular
________type was introduced.
It gained wide acceptance
because of the abundant supply
of stones and gravel.
Macadam road
 Other financial grants and
aids received from the
__________ were used in the
construction
and rehabilitation of roads and
bridges.
U.S. government
 Recent Land transportation
records revealed
that, more than 80,000 brand
new ,vehicles were added to
their lists every year.
80,000
decade that road construction
becomes a matter of priority of
the government under
the slogan:
“This nation is on Wheels”
 Highway planners are
confronted with problems
categorized as follows:
 1. Financial
2. Political and
3. Technical
There are three inseparable sets
of inputs involved in highway
programming, they are:
 1. Economic
2. Financial
3. Political and Administration
Deals with the questions of
resources.
Economic
The question of who pays and
who spends,
how much, and where?
Financial
This involves decision
making.
Political and Administration
Direct Effects of Highway
Construction
A. Quantitative Market Value
B. Non- Quantifiable Non-
Market Value
C. Quantifiable Non- Market
Value
Cost of highways as to:
 a. Planning cost.
b. Right of way appropriations.
c. Construction costs.
d. Maintenance costs.
e. Operating costs.
Cost benefits to highway
users
 a. Vehicles operating costs (including
congestion cost) net income or decrease in
costs of vehicle operation per year
b. Travel savings time (commercial). Net
increase or decrease in travel time multiplied
by the peso value of commercial time.
c. Motorist's safety (economic cost accident)
Net change in expected number of accidents
times the average cost per accident per year.
Cost benefits to highway
user:
a. Motorists safety - Accident cost of pain
sufferingand deprivation.
b. Comfort and conversion - Discomfort,
inconvenienceand strain of driving.
c. Aesthetic from driving viewpoint -
Benefit ofpleasing views and scenery from
road
Quantifiable Non-Market
Value
l. Cost benefits to highway users
- Traveling savings time.
(non-commercial) Minutes save
per vehicle trip.
 Where planners act as
coordinators, catalysts or to work as
community advocates, should not
be either partisan or advocate
to a particular solution. Their role
is:
 1. To provide technical and
organizational support.
2. To receive input or information on
the needs and goals of
affected persons group or agencies.
3. Incorporate the above for planning
and making decision.
 The intent of expenditures for
highways and public
transportations are enumerated
as follows:
 1. To augment the country'slevel of economy.
2. To provide easy access to working place.
3. To facilitate public services; police, fire protection etc.
4. To facilitate medical care, schooling and delivery of related
basic services.
5. To give landowner benefits to transportation and increase
property assessment.
6. Benefit to motor vehicle users through lower cost of
operations
and maintenance.
7. Benefit in time saving.
8. Less road accident.
9. To give maximum comfort and ease of travel.
Arguments of those who
Favors Borrowings are:
 1. The need is immediate to have
instant infrastructures.
2. No impact project will be seen
because the "pay as you go" fund is
scattered through out the entire road
system
where the situation is most critical.
3. Borrowings encourage investors
because of fast progress.
Computers can do processing
data for many problems like:
l. Projections and statistical studies of traffic and
transit passengers.
2 Economic analysis.
3. Financial programming.
4. Geometric.
5.Bridges.
6. Pavement design and maintenance.
7. Pavement management.
8. Scheduling for design and construction.
9. Computation of earthworks and other
quantities both for planning and payment of
contractors.
 ____________is otherwise called
Photogrammetry. It is
the science and art of obtaining
measurements by means of photography.
Remote Sensoning
Photogrammetry is based on
aerial photographs for
engineers working data on:
 l. Locations.
2. Planning.
3. Geometric design.
4. Right of way.
5. Traffic studies.
6. Drainage.
7. Soil classifications and identifications.
8. Earthwork measurements
9. Material location.
10. Pavement condition survey
 A vertical aerial photograph
taken by a camera pointed
almost
straight downward is the most
useful mapping for highway
purposes.
Photogrammetric Mapping
 For
stereoscopic uses, the following
must be considered:
1.End lap must be greater than one half the picture width specified not
less than 55Yo nor more than 65%o in order that the center of one
picture is included in both adjacent
photograph.
2. Side lap should average at25% with less than 15. More than 35o%
is unacceptable.
3. For making map purposes, the variable includes the focal
length of the aerial camera, the desired combination of
map scale and contour interval, and the ratio of map
scale to photograph scale.
Instruments used in converting
data from aerial photographs
into maps are:
 1. The Kelsh and Balplex
stereoscopic plotters
2. The wild autograph
3. The Kern PG2
4. The Zeiss Stereoplanigraph
The information is recalled and
the computer
is programmed to develop
showing the following:
 1. Profiles
2. Cross sections
3. Cut and fill earthwork
quantities
4. The motorist view of the road
 With photographs and
computer record data, a
separate map
could be plotted easily like:
 1. The highways
2. The drainage
3. Housing
4. Land use and zoning
5. Property assessment
 ________ is an aerial
photograph corrected for
scale and tilt.
Orthophotographs
___________presents a more
detailed and precise
information on traffic and
parking studies.
Colored Photographs
To improve the highways, there
should be tentative plan as
to the control, and minimum
design speed, roadway cross
sections,
and maximum slope with the
following considerations:
 l. Reliable cost estimate.
2. Character and hourly
distribution of traffic.
3. Economic and community
benefit factor.
4. Availability of funds.
 Location surveys in the rural
areas are divided into 4 stages.
1. Reconnaissance survey of the entire
area between the terminal points.
2. Reconnaissance survey of all feasible
routes.
3. Preliminary survey of the best route.
4. Location survey, staking of the right
of way, the highway
and the structure for construction.
 The location and position of a
bridge is subordinate to
the general alignment and
grade. But sometimes, favorable
alignment has to be sacrificed,
only to provide a right angle
crossing to small creek.
location and position
The complete detailed scheme
for the road which are
incorporated
in the geometric designS are:
 1. Traffic
2. Drainage
3. Erosion control
4. Roadside development
5. Structure
6. Soils
7. Pavement