PL Pro 9 Lighting - Design Advanced - Outdoor - 4 Oct 2017

Outdoor Lighting
Module 9
Lighting Design – Advanced
ISR-University of Coimbra
Coimbra, October 2017
Outdoor Lighting - Module 9
Objectives:
- Identify different road lighting classes and their different

requirements, establishing suitable design criteria;
- be able to design a lighting system for an example situation;
- be able to evaluate an existing outdoor lighting installation for

effectiveness, safety, and efficiency, and develop recommendations
for improvements where needed.
2
Outdoor Lighting - Module 8
Topics:
a) Importance of street and road lighting

b) Photometric Diagrams
c) Utilization factor
d) Lighting classes and establishing photometric requirements
e) Street lighting parameters
f) Project example
3
Importance of street and road lighting
• Street lighting is an essential public service that provides a safer

environment at nighttime for drivers as well as for pedestrians:
- Eliminates night time accidents;
- Enhances the sense of personal security and helps police
protection and safety population;
- Ensures better traffic flow;
- Promotes business activities, transport and travelling at night;
- Beautifies parks, built environment, monuments and historical
places.
• Provide the driver with the necessary visibility to distinguish obstacles

and the road layout with enough time to maneuver in order to
guarantee security, as well as providing the driver with visual comfort.
4
Photometric Diagrams
• The most commonly used coordinate

system for street lighting luminaires,
in the representation of photometric
information, is the system (C - 𝛾);
• The vector “I” represents the value of

the luminous intensity, while C and
“𝛾” signal their direction;
• “C” indicates the vertical plane where

the vectors are located and 𝛾
measures the slope relative to the
vertical photometric axis of the
luminaire.
5
• “C” Angles:
• Plans between 0º and 180º are located on the side of the road;
• Transverse plane (C = 90° and 270°). This plane would be
perpendicular to the axis of the road for a road lighting luminaire;
• Longitudinal plane (C = 0° and 180°). This plane would be parallel
to the axis of the road for a road lighting luminaire;
• The plane in which maximum intensity is found. This plane is
generally called main vertical plane.
• “𝛾” Angles:
• 𝛾 = 0º - Indicates the vector of luminous intensity pointing vertically
from the luminaire to the surface;
• 𝛾 = 90º - Corresponds to an horizontal vector to the luminaire;
• 𝛾 = 180º - Indicates that the light intensity vector is pointing upwards
the luminaire, vertically.
6
Polar distribution curves
• If we plot in a transverse plane, a curve along the edges of all the

vectors of the luminous intensity “I” (cd / m2), which originates at the
lamp, we obtain the light distribution curve of that source;
• Thus, the polar diagram is the representation of the luminous intensity

at all angles (𝛾), on which it is directed, in a vertical plane (C);
• When the light distribution curve has symmetry with respect to the lamp
axis, only plane in the diagram is required.
• If there is no symmetry around the axis of the light source, the polar
diagram will have to present the distribution curves in the vertical
planes necessary for its characterization, being obligatory to include
the plane where the light intensity is maximum.
7
Polar distribution curves
• Polar distribution curves are defined in cd by 1 000 lumens of flux

emitted by each lamp and it is represented by cd/1 000 lm or cd/klm.
Polar diagram (with symmetry) Polar diagram (with asymmetry)
Source: Indalux
8
Isocandela diagrams
• Although the polar diagrams are a very useful and practical tool,
they present only information on what happens in the vertical planes
(C), not showing what is happening on other points;
• To avoid this inconvenience, and to combine a flat representation

with the information on the luminous intensity in any direction, the
isocandela diagram was created;
• It simulates the luminaire in the center of a sphere, where on its

outer surface the points of the same intensity (isocandelas curves)
are joined in a row;
• Usually the luminaires have at least a plane of symmetry, so only a

semi-sphere is normally considered.
9
Isocandela diagrams
• Isocandela diagram in azimuthal projection.
Source: Indalux
10
Isolux or isoilluminance diagrams
• If we project the values of the illuminance emitted on a surface, by a

light source, on the same plane and join by a line those of identical
value, we will have the so called “isolux curve”;
• The various isolux curves form the isolux diagram, where “h” is the
height of the luminaire;
• Values for each isolux line are given in Emax percentages, the
highest being 100%.
11
Isolux or isoilluminance diagrams
• Isolux diagram on the surface to be illuminated.
12
Utilization factor
• In street lighting, the utilization factor is defined as the fraction of the

luminous flux coming from a luminaire which, in fact, reaches the
street/road;
• Utilization factor curves found on the photometric information sheets

offer a simple method to calculate average illumination, which may
be determined for a certain transverse section of the road:
• Utilization factor curves for a luminaire are understood as a function

of transverse distances, measured in terms of “h” (mounting height)
on the street/road surface, from the center of the luminaire up to
each of the two curves.
13
Utilization factor
• The easiest and quickest way to

calculate average illuminance of a
Utilization factor as a function of “h”
straight road of infinite length is by
applying the utilization factor curves:
where:
• η = utilization factor
• Φ = lamp luminous flux
• n = number of lamps per luminaire
• w = width of the road
• s = interdistance between
luminaires
Source: Indalux
14
Lighting classes
- Outdoor lighting installations provide road lighting for the benefit of

drivers of motorized vehicles on one or more traffic lane and in some
cases on side areas;
- Outdoor lighting includes also monuments and the road side areas
with pedestrian side walks, cycle lanes, emergency lanes or just plain
areas next to the traffic lane;
- The geometry of road areas may sometimes be simple (i.e. single

traffic lane) or in other cases, it may be necessary to provide into
account a curve of a road, or a road area of a complex shape.
15
Lighting classes
Establishment of photometric requirements
- There are simple and standardized solutions on how to choose the

lighting parameters of a public lighting installation, taking into
account the characteristics of the area to be illuminated, namely
• road function and geometry;
• allowed speed;
• volume of traffic.
- The parameters shall be determined by the luminance or
illuminance criteria;
- The medium and high speed zones are defined by the luminance
criteria;
- Conflict zones and pedestrian zones can be defined by both the
illuminance and luminance criteria.
16
Lighting classes
Establishment of photometric requirements
- When the complexity of the layout and the diversity of surfaces are
low, which normally occurs outside urban areas, the criterion to be
used is the luminance. Thus, the areas to be illuminated must have
at least the same level of illumination of the roads that give them
access. The ideal is that the lighting class has an index below the
lighting class of the adjacent road;
- In areas where the complexity of the layout and the diversity of
surfaces do not allow a reliable calculation of luminance, the
criterion of illuminance shall be used.
Lighting class of a conflict zone

(roundabound) by the
luminance criterion
17
Lighting classes
Lighting level requirements
- Lighting requirements of a certain public area depend largely on their

specific lighting class category;
- A lighting class is defined by a set of photometric requirements that

point to the visibility needed for users of the various types of streets,
roads and other public areas;
- Since the needs of pedestrians greatly differ from drivers in many

aspects, such as speed of movement, proximity of objects, surface
pattern, facial recognition, etc., different parameters are used
(luminance , Illuminance, etc.) to characterize the minimum conditions
of illumination of a certain class.
18
Lighting classes
- The most widely accepted definitions in terms of lighting classes,

performance criteria and measurement methods can be found in the EN
13201 standard series:
• EN 13201-1 : 2004 - Selection of lighting classes
• EN 13201-2 : 2016 - Performance requirements
• EN 13201-3 : 2015 - Calculation of performance
• EN 13201-4 : 2015 - Methods of measuring lighting performance
• EN 13201-5 : 2015 - Energy performance indicators
- “CIE 115-2010 - Recommendations for the lighting of roads for

motor and pedestrian traffic” has recommendations on quality
criteria, lighting classes, motor traffic requirements, flow regulation, etc.,
for all road categories and areas to be illuminated.
- In order to broadly harmonize the requirements, the lighting classes

were defined on the basis of the national standards of the member
states and the CIE 115-2010 standard.
19
Lighting classes
EN 13201
- EN 13201-1 uses a selection procedure for determining lighting

classes;
- EN 13201-2 provides specifications for the different lighting classes

which are defined by a set of photometric requirements depending
on the needs and requirements of the specific road users and road
types. Introduces a number of additional metrics which are used to
define minimum or maximum criteria for each subclass;
- EN 13201-3 describes the mathematical methods and procedures

which should be used to calculate the lighting performance
characteristics defined in EN 13201-2.
20
Lighting classes
EN 13201
- EN 13201-4 describes the methods that should be used for

measuring lighting performance;
- EN 13201-5 describes the two energy performance metrics:

- power density indicator (PDI) DP
𝑾
(measured in [ ])
𝒍𝒙∙𝒎𝟐
- annual energy consumption indicator (AECI) DE

𝑾𝒉
(measured in [ ])
𝒎𝟐
21
Lighting classes
- The EN 13201 series of standards introduced lighting classes in

order to facilitate and develop public lighting services in the
European Union, aiming at standardization and harmonization of
requirements;
- Each class is associated with several indexes that define their

subclasses. In this way, we can better characterize the situation and
define, in an optimized way, the values of its lighting parameters;
- After identifying the class and subclass for a certain area to be

illuminated, the EN 13201-2 provides a series of tables with the
lighting parameters to introduce on the simulation software;
- The lighting requirements may also be subject to national

standardization or regulation.
22
Lighting classes
Existing lighting classes according to EN 13201
High
M Applies to motor vehicles on high and medium speed roads
Zone of conflict: when the tracks of the vehicles intercept and end in
Velocity
C areas frequented by pedestrians, cyclists, etc. Examples are

roundabouts, intersections, connecting roads with reduced width
and number of reduced lanes and shopping center areas.
P ES EV
Low Peculiar to For pedestrian zones For areas where

exclusively where the crime risk facial and vertical
pedestrian areas is higher surface recognition
Defined by horizontal Defined by semi- are essential
illuminance cylindrical illuminance Defined by vertical
parameters parameters illuminance
parameters
23
Lighting classes
Subclass
- The selection criteria for each subclass (as designated by their digit)
are based on the geometry of the road, its traffic usage, and its
environment;
- Geometric criteria include:

• Separation of lanes with different traffic directions (yes/no)
• Type of intersections (crossroads/motorway junction)
• Distance between motorway junctions or bridges (more or less
than 3 km)
• Density of intersections (more or less than 3 intersections/km)
• Conflict zone (yes/no - defined as a road locations where streams
of motorized traffic meet or which other traffic participants such
as pedestrians or cyclists use)
• Engineering measures for traffic calming in place (yes/no)
24
Lighting classes
Subclass
- Traffic usage criteria include:
- Traffic density of motorized vehicles (number of vehicles per day)
- Traffic density of cyclists (normal/high)
- Traffic density of pedestrians (normal/high)
- Difficulty of navigating traffic (normal/higher than normal – defined
as the difficulty in picking speed or position on the road based the
visual information available)
- Parking vehicles (permitted/not permitted)
- Visual recognition (necessary/not necessary)
- Risk of crime (normal/higher than normal – based on a
comparison between the likelihood of crime at the location with the
likelihood of crime in the wider region).
25
Lighting classes
Subclass
- Environmental conditions include:
- Complexity of visual stimuli within the field of vision
(normal/high)
- Luminance of the environment (rural environment/urban
environment/city centre)
- Prevalent weather (dry/wet – no longer applicable for the newer
lighting class designations)
- Certain parameters (in particular traffic density and luminance of the

environment) may change from season to season, or during different
hours of the night. Thus road sections may be shifted to a different
road class.
26
Lighting classes
How to determine the subclass number
Define which is the

lighting class (M, C, or P)
of the zone to be Is it in a NO Luminance criterion
illuminated urban Class index equal to or
area? less than adjacent road
YES
Is it a
conflict YES
zone? C Use illuminance criterion
Class?
NO
Assign, appropriately, a
weight factor to each Add up all of the selected factors, getting a TOTAL value:
process specified in the (Subclass number = 6-TOTAL)
next tables
27
Lighting classes
Weight factors that characterize the public place to illuminate

Parameter Options M C P
Very high 1 3 -
High 0,5 2 -
Moderate 0 1 -
Velocity
Slow - 0 1
Very slow - - 0
Very high 1
High 0,5
Traffic volume Moderate 0
Low -0,5
Very low -1
28
Lighting classes

High percentage of non-
2 -
motorized vehicles
Mixed 1 -
Only motorized 0 -
Pedestrians, cyclists and
Traffic composition - 2
motorized traffic
Pedestrians and motorized
- 1
traffic
Pedestrians and cyclists - 1
Pedestrians or cyclists - 0
No 1 -
Separation of tracks
Yes 0 -
29
Lighting classes
High 1 -
Density crossings
Moderate 0 -
Present 0,5 - 0,5

Parked vehicles
Not present 0 - 0
High 1
Ambient Luminance Moderate 0
Low -1
Weak 0,5 -
Traffic control
Good 0 -
30
Lighting classes
How to determine the subclass number (Values used in Portugal)
Velocity (km/h):
Very high | x>70
High | 50 < x ≤ 70
Moderate | 20 < x ≤ 50
Low | x ≤ 20
Very low | only pedestrians
Traffic volume (vehicles (x) Pedestrians/Cyclists (y) per day):
Very high| x ≥ 40.000 Very high | y ≥ 2.000
High | 25.000 ≤ x < 40.000 High | 1.000 ≤ y < 2.000
Moderate | 15.000 ≤ x < 25.000 Moderate | 500 ≤ y < 1.000
Low | 4.000 ≤ x < 15.000 Low | 100 ≤ y < 500
Very low| x < 4.000 Very low| y < 100
31
Lighting classes
Ambient Luminance:
High: Urban areas with high levels of roadway and decorative lighting. May
contain brightly lighted commercial advertising signs, building facades and/or
shop windows.
Moderate: intermediate areas with some roadway lighting, lighted road signs
and/or commercial advertising signs.
Low: Rural areas, without or with limited roadway and/or intersection lighting.
32
Lighting classes
Intersection density:
High | crossings (intersection of two or more roads)
Moderate | three-way intersetions
Traffic Control:
Weak | without stop light
Good | with stop light
33
Lighting classes
Photometric requirements for high and medium speed
classes
Road surface
Lighting Dry Wet TI (%) SR
class
Laverage Uo Ul Uo
(cd/m2)
M1 2 0,4 0,7 0,15 10 0,5
M2 1,5 0,4 0,7 0,15 10 0,5
M3 1 0,4 0,6 0,15 15 0,5
M4 0,75 0,4 0,6 0,15 15 0,5
M5 0,5 0,35 0,4 0,15 15 0,5
M6 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,15 20 0,5
34
Lighting classes
Photometric requirements for conflict zone classes
TI (%)
Eaverage High and
Lighting class Uo(E) Low and very low
(lux) moderate
velocities
velocities
C0 50 0,4 10 15
C1 30 0,4 10 15
C2 20 0,4 10 15
C3 15 0,4 15 20
C4 10 0,4 15 20
C5 7,5 0,4 15 25
35
Lighting classes
Photometric requirements for low-speed classes
(pedestrian areas)
If additional requirements for facial

Emédia Emínima recognitions are needed
Lighting class
(lux) (lux) Evertical,minimal Esemi-cilyndrique,minimal
(lux) (lux)
P1 15 3 5 3
P2 10 2 3 2
P3 7,5 1,5 2,5 1,5
P4 5 1 1,5 1
P5 3 0,6 1 0,6
P6 2 0,4 0,6 0,4
36
Street lighting parameters
• Night time driving implies a mesopic or twilight vision comprised in

the interval between 0,01 and 3 or 4 cd/m2;
• It’s characterized by a reduction in visual sharpness and a

diminution in contrast differential sensitivity;
• A high luminance contrast threshold is necessary for obstacle

visibility;
• Vehicle headlights only illuminate a limited area ahead of them,

while public lighting provides light to the road and its surroundings,
opening the field of vision to the driver.
37
• Differential sensitivity to contrast for any same driver is more than

three times higher in a road provided with lighting (2 cd/m2), when
compared with that provided by a vehicle traffic beam (0.2 to 0.3
cd/m2);
• Visual sharpness during night time driving on a road provided with

lighting, becomes two and a half times higher than for the same
driver using only the vehicle dipped headlights;
38
• Lighting metrics: flux, intensity, illuminance and luminance (Module 8);

• Color temperature and rendering index (Module 8);
• Flicker / Glare and Lumen depreciation (Module 8);
• Uniformity;
• Surrounding Ratio;
• Maintenance Factor;
39
Uniformity
• One of the main objectives in street lighting is to provide good street

and road surface illumination so that obstacles can be easily
identifiable. Thus, it is fundamental that there are no black areas
between the illuminated areas, that is, that there is uniformity in
illumination;
• The general uniformity (U0) is calculated as the ratio between the

lowest luminance value (Lmin) (existing at any point in the calculation
field) and the mean luminance (Lmed):
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑈0 =
𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑑
40
Uniformity
• The longitudinal uniformity (Ul) is calculated by the quotient between

the lowest value (Lmin) and the highest value (Lmax) of the luminance,
in the longitudinal direction, along the center of each lane: 𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑈𝑙 =
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
minimal
Illuminance
average
máximal
Longitudinal
direction
41
Uniformity
• The number of points in the longitudinal direction and the space

between them must be the same as that used in the calculation of
mean luminance. In addition, the position of the observer must be in
the line of the calculation points;
• The mean uniformity (Um) may also be defined as the ratio of the
minimum illuminance value (Emin) to the mean illuminance value
(Emed) of a lighting installation:
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑈𝑚 =
𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑑
42
Uniformity
• In addition to adequate and uniform street and road lighting, the

visibility of the upper part of higher objects on the road, or of objects
on the sides of the lanes (particularly in curved sections), can not be
overlooked;
• These are only seen if there is good illumination in the surroundings

of the road;
• The driver will be able to make adjustments of speed and trajectory,

in due time;
• Thus, it is the function of the “Surrounding Ratio” (SR) to ensure

that the light flux directed to the periphery of the roads is sufficient
for the effect.
43
Surrounding Ratio
• SR is defined as the mean horizontal illuminance (𝐸) in the two

longitudinal lanes outside the lateral boundaries of the road (lanes 1
and 4), divided by the mean horizontal illuminance of two
longitudinal lanes of that road, adjacent to its boundaries (lanes 2
and 3). 𝐸1 + 𝐸4
𝑆𝑅 =
𝐸2 + 𝐸3
Longitudinal exterior lane (1)

Longitudinal interior lane (2)
Road side
boundaries
Longitudinal interior lane (3)

Longitudinal exterior lane (4)
44
Uniformity
• Taking into account the characteristics of the roads and its

surroundings, the width of each of these longitudinal lanes, for the
calculation of the surrounding ratio, must be the same, and equal to
the minimum value of the following three hypotheses:
Width equal to 5 meters Width equal to half the width of the road.
Width equal to that of the outside of the

roadway that is not obstructed. 45
Maintenance Factor
• A maintenance factor (MF) is applied to a lighting design to take into

account the reduction in the output of the luminaires used within any
lighting installation and ensure the correct level of light is delivered at
the ‘lamp/luminaire end of life’;
• The MF calculation takes into account lumen depreciation and the

impact of the environment will have on the installation;
• The maintenance factor (MF) of an installation is the ratio of the

illuminance at a given moment (E (t)), with the initial illuminance (E0);
• MF can also be obtained by the product between the Lamp Lumen

Maintenance Factor (LLMF), Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF),
Room Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF) and Lamp Survival Factor
(LSF):
• MF = LLMF x LMF x RSMF x LSF
46
Maintenance Factor
• Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF)

• Ratio between the luminous flux of the lamp at a given moment of its life
(ø (t)) and the initial luminous flux (ø0);
• Describes the aging of the lamp or the reduction of light intensity over
time;
• Manufacturers usually offer comprehensive tables about their lamps
luminous flux behavior.
• Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF)

• Ratio of the luminaires luminous flux before and after cleaning;
• It depends on the luminaire construction and design (open housing or
closed one) as well as on environmental conditions (dirty or clean);
• The higher the luminaires protection degree from dust, and the cleaner the
area, the higher the maintenance factor;
• Consider the accessibility of the luminaires when setting up the
maintenance plan. The more difficult to reach, the higher the maintenance
costs will be.
47
Maintenance Factor
• Room Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF)

• Ratio of the room (or tunnel) surfaces reflectance before and after cleaning;
• It is the reduction of the lighting level according to soiling of the room;
• It depends highly on the conditions in a room, if the room is very clean, clean,
dirty or very dirty. The more dirty the room, the lower the maintenance factor.
• Lamp Survival Factor (LSF)

• Depends on the service lifetime of a lamp. Some lamp lifetimes are reduced
by frequent switching;
• Lamp manufacturers provide tables indicating the lamp survival factor;
• If a lamp is not working anymore, the decision for immediate replacement or
group replacement needs to be taken;
• If the lamp is replaced immediately (mostly in areas where the luminaire is
easily reachable) the LSF can be set 1. LSF 1 is saying that there will be no
loss of light because of lamp failure.
48
Maintenance Factor
• Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF) - Example
Source: Whitecroft Lighting

49
Maintenance Factor
• Example
MF, standard L70@50,000h rated luminaire: MF, standard L90@50,000h rated luminaire:
LLMF L70 = 0,7 LLMF L90 = 0,9
LSF = 1 LSF = 1
LMF clean environment = 0,94 LMF clean environment = 0,94
RSMF clean environment = 0,95 RSMF clean environment = 0,95
MF = 0,7 x 1 x 0,94 x 0,95 = 0,63 MF = 0,9 x 1 x 0,94 x 0,95 = 0,80
30 luminaires needed, average 315 Lux Only 25 luminaires needed, average 331 Lux
15m 15m
50
Project example
Roundabout 1
Roundabout 2
Road 1
Road 2
Road 3
Pedestrian 1
Source: EDP, Portuguese Utility Pedestrian 2 51

Project example
• The first step is to define, together with the entities responsible for
street lighting, the classes to apply to each of the locations;
• The determination of the lighting classes throughout the night

period, the color temperature and the CRI should also be defined in
together with the same entities;
• For this example, the following classes were considered:

• M (fast or moderate speed);
• C (conflict area) or P (public space mostly pedestrian).
52
Project example
• The following table indicates the classification assigned to each

identified area to be illuminated:
Location Comments Lighting class
Road 1 Rapid approach road M
Road 2 Residential road M
Road 3 Residential road M
Roundabout 1 Roundabout connecting a residential road to a highway C
Roundabout 2 Roundabout between residential roads C
Pedestrian 1 Garden P
Pedestrian 2 Bicycle area with great flow of people P
53
Project example
• The next step is to determine the index associated with each of these classes
for each location, establishing the weights by their characteristics.
• Road 1:
Velocity Traffic volume
Option Weight factor Option Weight factor
High 0,5 Moderate 0
Traffic composition Lane separation
Motorized only 0 No 1
Density crossings Parked vehicles
Moderate 0 Not present 0
Environment luminance Traffic control
Low -1 Weak 0,5
Adding the weights and applying the formula 𝑰𝑴 = 𝟔 − σ 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
“Road 1” is a M5.
54
Project example
• Road 2:
Moderate or reduced 0 High 0,5
Mixed 1 Yes 0
High 1 Present 1
Low -1 Weak 0,5
• “Road 2” is a M3.
55
Project example
• Road 3:
Moderate or reduced 0 Moderate 0
Mixed 1 No 1
High 1 Present 1
Low -1 Weak 0,5
• “Road 3” is a M3.
56
Project example
• For the characterization of the conflict areas Round1 and Round2,

and since we are in a zone outside the urban perimeter, the criterion
of luminance is used;
• This determines that the index of this zone is at least equal to that of
the adjacent road;
Conflit area Road adjacent lower index Roundabout class
Roundabout 1 R2 / R3 (M3) M2
Roundabout 2 R2 /R3 (M3) M2
57
Project example
• Finally we will characterize, the existing pedestrian zones;
• Pedestrian 1:
Low 1 Low -0,5
Traffic composition Parked vehicles
Pedestrians, cyclists
2 Present 0,5
and motorized traffic
Environment luminance Facial recognition
No additional
High 1 requirements are -
required
• “Pedestrian 1” is a P2.
58
Project example
• Pedestrian 2:
Low 1 Moderate 0
Traffic composition Parked vehicles
Pedestrians, cyclists
2 Present 0,5
and motorized traffic
Environment luminance Facial recognition
No additional
Moderate 0 requirements are -
required
• “Pedestrian 2” is a P2.
59
Project example
• After characterizing the various zones and identifying the index of its
lighting class, the values of the lighting parameters that must be
fulfilled in the project are now defined by the tables already showed;
Location Class Luminance Uniformity SR TI

Road 1 M5 0,5 cd/m2 0,4 0,5 15 %
Road 2 e 3 M3 1 cd/m2 0,7 0,5 15 %
Roundabout 1 e 2 M2 1,5 cd/m2 0,7 SR 10 %
Location Class ILuminanceaverage ILuminanceminimal TI
Pedestrian 1 e 2 P2 10 lux 2 lux 25 %
60
Project example
• The designer now has to choose the column, luminaire and

respective light source, distribution and distance between columns
in order to obtain a compromise between the calculated average
values and the energy efficiency of the project;
• For this purpose, computational simulation tools (i.e. Dialux) can be

used to carry out a representative lighting study;
• The simulation software offers a variety of tools that by a simple

entering a custom change, the lighting designer can verify if the
project is according to the regulations or not.
61
Partner of Premium Light Pro
Funded by EU
Comission
under Horizon
2020
EU Partners
62
Partners of Premium Light Pro
Name Country Organisation email

Bernd Schäppi Austria Austrian Energy Agency bernd.schaeppi@energyagency.at
www.energyagency.at
Michal Stasa Czech Republik SEVEn michal.stasa@svn.cz
www.svn.cz
Caspar Kofod Denmark EnergyPiano ck@energypiano.dk
Anibal T. De Almeida Portugal Institute for Systems and adealmeida@isr.uc.pt
Robotics, University of Coimbra
Stewart Muir United Kingdom Energy Saving Trust Stewart.Muir@est.org.uk
www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/
Boris Demrovski Germany CO2ONLINE Boris.Demrovski@CO2Online.de
www.co2online.de
Andrea Roscetti Italy Politecnico Milano andrea.roscetti@polimi.it
http://www.energia.polimi.it/index.
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PL Pro 9 Lighting - Design Advanced - Outdoor - 4 Oct 2017

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Outdoor Lighting

- Identify different road lighting classes and their different

- be able to design a lighting system for an example situation;

- be able to evaluate an existing outdoor lighting installation for

a) Importance of street and road lighting

• Street lighting is an essential public service that provides a safer

• Provide the driver with the necessary visibility to distinguish obstacles

• The most commonly used coordinate

• The vector “I” represents the value of

• “C” indicates the vertical plane where

• If we plot in a transverse plane, a curve along the edges of all the

• Thus, the polar diagram is the representation of the luminous intensity

• Polar distribution curves are defined in cd by 1 000 lumens of flux

Polar diagram (with symmetry) Polar diagram (with asymmetry)

• To avoid this inconvenience, and to combine a flat representation

• It simulates the luminaire in the center of a sphere, where on its

• Usually the luminaires have at least a plane of symmetry, so only a

• Isocandela diagram in azimuthal projection.

• If we project the values of the illuminance emitted on a surface, by a

• Isolux diagram on the surface to be illuminated.

• In street lighting, the utilization factor is defined as the fraction of the

• Utilization factor curves found on the photometric information sheets

• Utilization factor curves for a luminaire are understood as a function

• The easiest and quickest way to

- Outdoor lighting installations provide road lighting for the benefit of

- The geometry of road areas may sometimes be simple (i.e. single

- There are simple and standardized solutions on how to choose the

Lighting class of a conflict zone

- Lighting requirements of a certain public area depend largely on their

- A lighting class is defined by a set of photometric requirements that

- Since the needs of pedestrians greatly differ from drivers in many

- The most widely accepted definitions in terms of lighting classes,

- “CIE 115-2010 - Recommendations for the lighting of roads for

- In order to broadly harmonize the requirements, the lighting classes

- EN 13201-1 uses a selection procedure for determining lighting

- EN 13201-2 provides specifications for the different lighting classes

- EN 13201-3 describes the mathematical methods and procedures

- EN 13201-4 describes the methods that should be used for

- EN 13201-5 describes the two energy performance metrics:

- annual energy consumption indicator (AECI) DE

- The EN 13201 series of standards introduced lighting classes in

- Each class is associated with several indexes that define their

- After identifying the class and subclass for a certain area to be

- The lighting requirements may also be subject to national

C areas frequented by pedestrians, cyclists, etc. Examples are

Low Peculiar to For pedestrian zones For areas where

- Geometric criteria include:

- Certain parameters (in particular traffic density and luminance of the

Define which is the

Weight factors that characterize the public place to illuminate

Weight factors that characterize the public place to illuminate

Present 0,5 - 0,5

M2 1,5 0,4 0,7 0,15 10 0,5

M3 1 0,4 0,6 0,15 15 0,5

M4 0,75 0,4 0,6 0,15 15 0,5

M5 0,5 0,35 0,4 0,15 15 0,5

M6 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,15 20 0,5

If additional requirements for facial

• Night time driving implies a mesopic or twilight vision comprised in

• It’s characterized by a reduction in visual sharpness and a

• A high luminance contrast threshold is necessary for obstacle

• Vehicle headlights only illuminate a limited area ahead of them,

• Differential sensitivity to contrast for any same driver is more than