Congratulations!

Welcome to Human Anatomy

Ruan, Yiwen
Department of Anatomy
Jinan University School of Medicine

03-02-2015
 Systematic anatomy
• Human anatomy is a basic medical science
regarding structures of human body.
• The study of human anatomy can be divided into
two subjects: systematic anatomy and regional
anatomy.
• Systematic anatomy is the study of anatomy by
systems.
• Regional anatomy is the study of anatomy by
regions
• Course type a compulsory course for medical
students in the first year.
• Course hours and credits
Lecture 72 h, Practice 54 h, Total 126 h,
Credits 5
• Grading System
① Theory points: final exam (70%), attendance
(5%), tests ( 25%).
②Specimen points (100 points).
Resources for Learning
1. Notes and slides from teachers
2. Textbooks
① Gray's anatomy
② A textbook of Human
Anatomy (fifth edition)
3. Atlases – Frank H. Netter’s Atlas
4. Websites
 Internet access
Steps to download ppt or other information:
1. http://study.jnu.edu.cn/webapps/login/
2. User name: the number of your ID
3. Password: the number of your ID again
4. Systematic Anatomy
5. Download updated PPT or other information you
want from the left column of the web page
 Examination Format
There are 4 parts in each test and final exam:
Questions = single answer or true/false from
multiple choice
Fill out anatomical structures in a picture
Short answer questions
Long answer questions
 How to Study Effectively
• Preview before class
• Be present in class - save time
• Review slides present in class
• Use text books and other resources
• Recommend Netter's Anatomy Flash Cards
• Group disscussion
• Active learning strategies: Ask question, draw, talk,
verify, assess – You, as the Professor!
• See the forest, then, the trees.
 Testing Philosophy – How to be
successful in this course
• Exams are NOT intended to determine how much
anatomy you know, but rather, how much of what we
feel is important you have learned

• What is important?

– What we present in lecture and emphasize in lab

• Focus on lecture notes and learn COLD!
Faculty information
1. Yiwen Ruan, Professor
E-mail: tyiwen@jnu.edu.cn
Phone:020-85227086 (o)
2. Sanqiang Pan, Professor
E-mail: tpsq@jnu.edu.cn
Phone: 020-85220251(o)
3. Changshu Cao, Associate professor
E-mail: tcaocs@jnu.edu.cn
Phone: 020-85220251(o)
4. Hoying Li，Associate professor
E-mail:
Phone: 020-85220251(o)
 Systematic anatomy
Human body can be divided into nine systems:
1. Integumentary system
2. Locomotor (skeletal + muscular)
3. Alimentary (digestive)
4. Respiratory
5. Urinary
6. Reproductive (Femal+ Male )
7. Circulatory (cardiovascular + lymphatic)
8. Nervous
9. Endocrine
1. Integumentary system
Major Organs:
1) hair
2) nails
3) skin
4) sweat glands
5) sebaceous glands
Major Functions:
1) protect tissue
2) regulate body temperature
3) excrete wastes
4) support sensory receptors
5) synthesizes vitamin D
2. Locomotor system
①Skeletal system

Major Organs:
• bones
• ligaments
• cartilages

Major Functions:
• provide framework
• provide attachments for muscles
• protect soft tissue
• produce blood cells
• store inorganic salts
②Muscular system

Major Organs:
– muscles
– tendons

Major Functions:
– cause movement
– produce body heat
– maintain posture
3. Digestive system
1) Digestive canal -Mouth
• mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus
•Digestive glands
• salivary glands
• liver
• pancreas
Major Functions:
•receive, breakdown, and absorb
food
•eliminate unabsorbed material
4. Respiratory system
Major Organs:
– nasal cavity
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
– bronchi
– lungs

Major Functions:
– intake and output of air
– exchange gases between
air and blood
– Produce sound
5. Urinary system
Major Organs:
• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra
Major Functions:
• remove waste from blood
• maintain water and
electrolyte balance
• store and transport urine
6. Reproductive system
① Female reproductive system
Major Organs:
• ovaries
• uterine tubes
• uterus
• vagina
• clitoris
• vulva
Major Functions:
• produce and maintain eggs cells
• receive sperm cells
• support development of an embryo
• function in the birth process
② Male reproductive system
Major Organs:
•scrotum
•testes
•epididymides
•ductus deferentia
•seminal vesicles
•prostate gland
•bulbourethral glands
•urethra
•penis

Major Functions:
•produce and maintain sperm cells
•transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract
7. Circulatory system
① Cardiovascular system
Major Organs:
• heart
• arteries
• capillaries
• veins

Major Functions:
• move blood through vessels and
• transport substances throughout the
body
② Lymphatic system
Major Organs:
• lymphatic vessels
• lymph nodes
• thymus
• spleen

Major Functions:
• return tissue fluid to blood
• carry certain absorbed food
molecules
• defend the body against
infection
8. Nervous system
Major Organs:
• brain
• spinal cord
• nerves
• sense organs

Major Functions:
• receive information from the
environment
• interpret sensory information
• Transmit signal from sensory
organ to the brain or from the
brain to muscles and glands
9. Endocrine system
Major Organs:
•pituitary gland
•thyroid gland
•parathyroid glands
•adrenal glands
•pancreas
•ovaries
•testes
•pineal gland
•thymus

Major Functions:
•control metabolic activities of body structures through the release
of hormones
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Anatomical planes

• Median (through the

midline) and Sagittal
(same plane, but to the
left or right of median
• Frontal or Coronal divides
body into anterior and
posterior sections
• Transverse / Cross divides
body into superior and
inferior sections
• Oblique: Other than at a
right angle
 Anatomical Planes

• Longitudinal: cut along

the length of an organ

• Cross/Transverse: cut at
right angle to length of
the organ

• Oblique: cut at any but a

right angle
Composed of the body’s

bones and associated

ligaments, and cartilages.

1. Groups of bones
There are 206 named bones in the human body. Each belongs
to one of 2 large groups:
（1）Axial skeleton
• Forms long axis of the
body.
• Includes the bones of
the skull, vertebral
column, and rib cage.
• These bones are
involved in protection,
support, and carrying
other body parts.
1. Groups of bones
There are 206 named bones in the human body. Each belongs
to one of 2 large groups:

（2）Appendicular skeleton
•Bones of upper & lower limbs
and the girdles (shoulder bones
and hip bones) that attach them
to the axial skeleton.
•Involved in locomotion and
manipulation of the
environment.
2. types of bones:
（1）Long Bones Femur  
Femur

• Much longer than they are

wide.
• All bones of the limbs except
the patella (kneecap),
and the bones of the wrist
and ankle.
• Consists of a shaft plus 2
expanded ends.

Carpal Bones
（2） Short Bones
– Roughly cube shaped.
– Bones of the wrist and
the ankle.

Carpal Bones
（3）Flat Bones
• Thin, flattened, and
usually a bit curved.
• Scapulae, sternum,
Sternum
(shoulder blades), ribs
and most bones of the
skull. Ribs Ribs
（4）Irregular Bones
•Have weird shapes that fit
none of the 3 previous
classes.
•Vertebrae, hip bones, 2 skull
bones ( sphenoid and the
ethmoid bones).

Sphenoid
Bone
 3. General Structure of Bones

1) Periosteum

2) compact bone- solid outer layer

3) spongy bone – inner layer , a

honeycomb of flat formed by
needle-like projections called
trabeculae.

4) Medullary cavity

5) Bone marrow

6) Endosteum
Note the gross differences between the spongy bone and
the compact bone in the above photo.
Do you see the trabeculae?
4. Structures of Long Bone

Metaphysis
1) Epiphyses- ends

2) Diaphysis-shaft

3) Metaphysis

4) Articular cartilage

5) Periosteum

6) Medullary cavity

7) Endosteum
4. Structures of Long Bones spongy bone

periosteum
Proximal
compact bone
epiphysis
Endosteum
metaphysis

epiphyseal line
diaphysis
yellow marrow

Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis periosteum
hyaline cartilage
5. Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
1. Thin plates of periosteum-
covered compact bone on the
outside and endosteum-covered
spongy bone within.
2. Have no diaphysis or epiphysis
because they are not cylindrical.
3. Contain bone marrow between
their trabeculae, but no marrow
cavity.
4. In flat bones, the internal spongy
bone layer is known as the diploë,
and the whole arrangement
resembles a stiffened sandwich.
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
6. Bone Marrow

1) The soft tissue occupying the

medullary cavity of a long
bone, the spaces amid the
trabeculae of spongy bone.

2) Produces new blood cells

3) Constitutes 4% of the total

body weight of humans
6.Bone Marrow

Two main types:

1.Red marrow =
hematopoietic tissue (Red
blood cells, platelets and
most white blood cells)

2.Yellow marrow
=adipocytes.
7.Distribution of Bone Marrow

• Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones (hip bone, skull,
ribs, vertebrae and scapular) and in the cancellous ("spongy")
material at the epiphyseal ends of the long bones.

• Yellow marrow is found in the hollow interior of the middle

portion of long bones.

• At birth, all bone marrow is red.

• With age, more and more of it is converted to the yellow

type.

• About half of adult bone marrow is red.

 8.Chemical composition and physical properties
• Bone Matrix:
– 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic components by weight.
– Organic component consists of several materials that are secreted
by the osteoblasts:
• Collagen fibers
• other organic materials.
• provide the bone with resilience and the ability to resist
stretching and twisting.
– Inorganic component of bone matrix
• calcium phosphate
form a compound called hydroxy apatite.
• calcium hydroxide
• magnesium, fluoride, and sodium.
• These minerals give bone its characteristic hardness and the
ability to resist compression.
This bone:
a. Has been demineralized?
b. Has had its organic component removed?
9.Blood supply of bones

(1) For long bones:

① Periosteal a.( to shaft) Epiphyseal a.

② Epiphyseal a. ends
metaphyseal a.
③ metaphyseal a.
④ Nutrient a. - to
medullary cavity
Nutrient a.
9.Blood supply of bones

(2) For short and flat bones:

Receive fine blood vessels from
periosteum
(3) For irregular bones:
Receive fine blood vessels From
periosteum and nutrient a.
10. Functions of skeletal system:
(1) Support - framework that supports body and cradles
organs
• The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral
column support the weight of the erect body.
• The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.
• Other bones support various organs and tissues.
(2）Protection
• The bones of the skull protect the brain.
• Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the lungs and
heart.
• Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
3. Movement
Skeletal muscles use the bones as levers to move the
body.

4. Mineral and adipose tissue storage

• 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone.
• 85% of the body’s phosphate is stored in bone.
• Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of certain
bones.

5. Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

11.Development of the Bony Skeleton
• Before week 8, the human
embryonic skeleton is made of
fibrous membranes and
hyaline cartilage.

• After week 8, bone tissue

begins to replace the fibrous
membranes and hyaline
cartilage.
 Two essential processes for development of bones

1) intramembranous
ossification: The development
of bone from a fibrous
membrane

2) endochondral ossification:

1) The replacement of hyaline

cartilage with bone
 Endochondral Ossification Just before
Fetus: 1st birth
2 months
2o ossification
center

bone
cartilage
calcified 1st ossification
cartilage center

Adult
Childhood

epiphyseal
epiphyseal
line
plate
 Builds new bone
Osteoblast

Mature bone cell

Osteocyte

Osteoclast
Eats bone
1. Growth in Bone
Length
 Epiphyseal cartilage
(close to the epiphysis)
of the epiphyseal plate
divides to create more
cartilage, while the
diaphyseal cartilage
(close to the diaphysis)
of the epiphyseal plate is
transformed into bone.
This increases the length
of the shaft.
At puberty, growth in bone length is
increased dramatically by the
combined activities of growth
hormone, thyroid hormone, and
the sex hormones.
When osteoblasts begin producing
bone faster than the rate of
epiphyseal cartilage expansion, the
bone grows.

•When the epiphyseal plate gets

narrower and narrower and ultimately
disappears.
•A remnant (epiphyseal line) is
visible on X-rays at age 18 to 25
 Growth in Bone Thickness

• Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum secrete bone

matrix on the external surface of the bone. This
obviously makes the bone thicker.
• At the same time, osteoclasts on the endosteum
break down bone and thus widen the medullary
cavity.
• This results in an increase in shaft diameter even
though the actual amount of bone in the shaft is
relatively unchanged.
 Fractures
• A fracture will happens when
subjected to extreme loads,
sudden impacts, or stresses from
unusual directions.

• The proper healing of a fracture

depends on whether or not, the
blood supply and cellular
components of the periosteum
and endosteum survive.
hematoma
callus bony callus
bone
remodeling