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dimensionless quantity S is
c p Th1 Th2
m
S
UA t Th1 Tc1
• For n hairpins, S depends on the number of hot-cold streams
and their series-parallel arrangement.
• Simplest case is to either divide the cold fluid equally
between n hairpins in parallel or to divide the hot fluid
equally between n hairpins in parallel.
• For one-series hot fluid and n1-parallel cold streams,
1 P1
S
n1R1 R1 1 1
1/ n1
1
ln
R1 1 R1 P1 R1
Th2 Tc1 Th1 Th2
P1 , R1
Th1 Tc1 n1Tc 2 Tc1
• For one-series cold fluid and n2-parallel hot streams,
1 P2
S
n2 1
1/ n 2
ln 1 R 2 R2
1 R 2 P2
Th1 Tc 2 n2 Th1 Th2
P2 , R2
Th1 Tc1 Tc 2 Tc1
• Then, the total heat transfer rate is Q UAS Th1 Tc1
• In the previous equations, it is assumed that U and cp of the
fluids are constant, and the heat transfer rates of the two
units are equal.
• Graphs are available in literature for LMTD correction factor
F as well.
• If number of tube-side parallel paths is equal to the number
of shell-side parallel paths, regular LMTD should be used.
Total Pressure Drop
• Total pressure drop includes frictional pressure drop,
entrance and exit pressure drops, static-head, and the
momentum-change pressure drop.
• Frictional pressure drop is
2L um
2
p 4f Nhp
Dh 2
• For frictional pressure drop, use correlations from Chapter 4
or Moody diagram. Add equivalent length of the U-bend to
the L in tube-side (Dh = di) pressure drop.
• You may need to account for the effect of property variations
on friction factor.
Total Pressure Drop (continued)
• Entrance and exit pressure drops through inlet and outlet
nozzles is evaluated from
um
2
pn K c
2
where Kc = 1.0 at the inlet and 0.5 at the outlet nozzle.
• Static head is pf = H, where H is the elevation
difference between inlet and outlet nozzles.
• For fully developed conditions, momentum-change pressure
drop is
1 1
pm G 2
o i
• In all pressure drop calculations for design, allowable p
must be considered.
• Cut-and-twist technique increases h in longitudinal finned-
tube HEX. See book for p details.
Design and Operational Features
• In hairpin HEX, two double pipes are joined at one end by a
U-tube bend welded to the inner pipes, and a return bend
housing on the shell-side. The housing has a removable
cover to allow removal of inner tubes.
• Double-pipe HEX have four key design components
– shell nozzles
– tube nozzles
– return-bend housing and cover plate on U-bend side
– shell-to-tube closure on other side of hairpin(s)
• The longitudinal fins made from steel are welded onto the
inner pipe. Other materials can be joined by soldering.
• Multiple units can be joined by bolts and gaskets.
• For low heat duty applications, simple constructions, easy
assembly, lightweight elements and minimum number of
parts contribute to minimizing costs.
IPS: inch per second (unit system)
NFA: net flow area