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MECHANISMS OF

EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

• Natural Selection
• Artificial Selection
• Nonrandon Mating
• Genetic Drift
• Mutation
• Recombination
• Genetic Flow (Migration) Evolutionary Theory by Charles Darwin
NATURAL SELECTION
A key factor for an organism to thrive and reproduce depends on how
well suited the organism is to the environment.
TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

Direct Selection
Happens when a change in the environment causes a change in the observable
spectrum of phenotypes.

Stabilizing Selection
Occurs when intermediate phenotypes are more likely to survive in the
environment.

Disruptive / Diversifying Selection


Occurs when extreme phenotypes are more likely to adapt to the environment.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
In artificial selection, nature provides the variation among different
organisms so that humans can select the variations that they are useful to
them. This can be done through selective breeding.
NON-RANDOM MATING
This is described as the selected probability of mating with another
individual in the population
TWO FORMS OF NON-RANDOM MATING
Inbreeding
Is when individuals are more likely to mate with their close relatives than with
distant relatives.

Outbreeding / Assortative Mating


Happens when individuals select distant relatives than close relatives as their
partners.
NON-RANDOM MATING
GENETIC DRIFT
Is caused by unpredictable changes in allele frequencies due to small
population sizes. Thus, a certain allele can be passed on to numerous
offspring by chance.
MUTATION
Is the change in the structure of a gene caused by alterations in the DNA
sequence of an organism.

There are different types of Mutation


• Substitution – occurs when genetic codon has one altered nitrogenous base.
• Insertion – addition of an extra set of base pairs in the genetic material.
• Deletion – occurs when a set of base pairs to the genetic material is omitted.

• Frameshift – this happens when the information is no longer parsed


correctly, resulting in the production of useless proteins.
MUTATION
Neutral Mutation
- affects the organism’s phenotype but has no impact on its survival or
reproduction.

Beneficial Mutation
- affects the phenotype of organisms, resulting in an increase in their chances
of survival or reproduction.
RECOMBINATION
Is simply a rearrangement of genes. This process naturally occurs during the
crossing over stage in meiosis, where there is an exchange of DNA between
homologous chromosomes.
GENETIC FLOW
Is also known as migration. This happens when there is transfer of genes from
the gene pool of one population to another.

There are two types of Gene Flow


Emigration
- happens when organisms leave their habitat.
Immigration
- happens when organisms enter another habitat and live in it.
GENE FLOW
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