Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Manual Control
Manual Control circuits use components that
require human interaction in order to operate.
Toggle switch
AC
source
Toggle switch
AC
source
Automatic Control
Automatic control circuits can operate
themselves without the need for human
interaction.
Float switch
AC
source
Automatic Control
Automatic control circuits can operate
themselves without the need for human
interaction.
Float switch
AC
source
Contacts, Switches, and Coils
The most common types of components
found in a control circuit are contacts,
switches, and coils.
•Toggle
Switches •Pushbutton
•Selector switch
Toggle Switches
Toggle switches
are generally used
in 2-wire control
circuits.
Toggle Switches
2-wire control circuit
Toggle switch
AC
source
Toggle Switches
2-wire control circuit
Toggle switch
AC
source
SAFETY TIP!
2-wire control circuits should not be used on mechanical
loads due to restart after a loss of power occurs.
Toggle Switches
2-wire control circuit
Toggle switch
AC
source
SAFETY TIP!
2-wire control circuits should not be used on mechanical
loads due to restart after a loss of power occurs.
Pushbuttons
Pushbuttons are
generally used in
3-wire control
circuits because of
their momentary
operation.
Pushbuttons
3-wire control circuit
Start
Stop
AC
source C
C
Pushbuttons
3-wire control circuit
Start
Stop
AC
source C
C
Pushbuttons
3-wire control circuit
Start
Stop
AC
source C
C
Pushbuttons
3-wire control circuit
Start
Stop
AC
source C
C
Pushbuttons
3-wire control circuit
Start
Stop
AC
source C
C
Selector
Selector switches
allow manual or
automatic
operation of a
circuit.
Selector Switch
hand
AC off
source
auto
Selector Switch
hand
AC off
source
auto
Selector Switch
hand
AC off
source
auto
Selector Switch
hand
AC off
source
auto
Coils
When coils are energized, any contacts
that are controlled by them change from
their normal to energized state.
NO NC
C
Coils
When coils are energized, any contacts
that are controlled by them change from
their normal to energized state.
NO NC
C
Switches and Relays
• Switches are crude electro-mechanical devices that connect or seperate
pieces of metal, controlled by a lever or knob.
• Relays are crude electro-mechanical devices that connect or seperate
pieces of metal, controlled by an electromagnet.
• Contacts are rated for current and voltage (due to oxidation, DC is
usually rated lower).
• Available in single or mutiple contacts (poles).
• Relay contacts are “NO” (normally open) and NC (normally closed).
• Limited in frequency, except for specialized relays.
• Relay coils “pull in” at rated coil voltage and current.
• Switches common for power and signalling.
• Relays not common components, often used for motors. 23
RELAYS
A switch whose operation is activated by an electromagnet is called a
"relay"
input IN
Relay coil
R1
Output contact R1
The switch is closed iff a High
voltage is applied to the input
A simple relay circuit
• In a digital
Vcc circuit the
A voltages can
only take on one
of two discrete
values: High and
B C Low
Vcc
OUT
Bulb Switch OUT
GND Bulb
GND
GND
Relay Actuated
Contacts
Switching Networks
• This switching network implements a
function of its input voltages
• A mapping from the input domain - the set of
possible input voltages - to the output range
- the set of possible output voltages
Throw - number of
states SPD DPST
T
Pole - number of
connecting
moving parts
(number of
individual
circuits).
Types of switches
DPST
SPDT
A Switch is a 2-state device
that can be toggled
A relay is a switch built
with an electromagnet
controlled current
controlling current
Input Output
Set-Reset Ladder Diagram OR
NOT
LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAMS
Ladder Logic Elements AND Ladder Logic Elements OR
From this circuit, it can be said that the current goes to the
lamp provided that the state of the switch does NOT change.
Wiring diagram
AN EXAMPLE OF
RELAY LOGIC