Aprilia Putri Rahmadini, M.Psi .

, Psikolog
 What is psychology and
what are its goals?
 The word psychology itself is thousands of years old, coming from the ancient
Greek roots psyche, meaning “mind,” and logos, meaning “knowledge or study.”
However, have you ever actually seen or touched a “mind”? Because the mind can’t
be studied directly, psychology is now defined as the scientific study of behavior
and mental processes.

 What does “behavior” refer to in the definition of psychology? Anything you do—
eating, hanging out, sleeping, talking, or sneezing—is a behavior. So are studying,
gambling, watching television, tying your shoes, giving someone a gift, learning
Spanish, reading this book, and, yes, extreme skydiving. Naturally, we are interested
in overt behaviors (directly observable actions and responses) like these. But
psychologists also study covert behaviors. These are private mental events, such as
thinking, dreaming, and remembering ( Jackson, 2011).
What do psychologists hope to
achieve?
As scientists, our ultimate goal is to benefit humanity
(O’Neill, 2005). More specifically, the goals of psychology
are to describe, understand, predict, and control behavior.
 Description, or naming and classifying, is typically
based on making a detailed record of scientific
observations.
 Understanding usually means we can state the
causes of a behavior.
 Prediction, is the ability to forecast behavior accurately.
 However, to a psychologist, Control simply refers to the
ability to alter the conditions that affect behavior.
 Psychodinamic Humanistic/
Dispositional theories Learning theories
theories Existensial theories

• Psychoanalysis
• Holistic-Dynamic • Psychology of the • Behavioral Analysis
(Freud)
• Individual Theory (A. Maslow) individual (Allport) (Skinner)
Psychology (Adler)
• Person-Centered • Trait and factor • Social Cognitive
• Analytical
Psychology (Jung) Theory (Rogers) theories (Eysenck, Learning Theory
• Object Relation McCrae, and Costa’s (Bandura)
• Existensial
Theory (Klein)
• Psychoanalytic Psychology (May) • Cognitive Social
Social Theory Learning Theory
(Horney)
• Humanistic (Rotter and Mischel)
Psychoanalysis
• Psychology of
(Fromm)
• Interpersonal Personal Constructs
Theory (Sullivan)
(Kelly)
• Post-Freudian
Theory (Erikson)

Psychology Approaches
 Perbandingan asumsi dasar dari berbagai perspektif
teori kepribadian yang utama

ASUMSI PERSPEKTIF PERSPEKTIF PERSPEKTIF PERSPEKTIF

PSIKODINAMIK BEHAVIORAL HUMANISTIK BIOLOGIS

Freedom vs.
Determinism Determinism Freedom Determinism
Determinism

Nature vs.
Nature Nurture Interaction Nature
Nurture

Conscious vs.
Unconscious Varies Conscious Unclear
Unconscious

Person vs.
Person Situation Person Person
Situation
 Comparison of Major Approaches to Psychotherapy
Type of PRIMARY ORIGIN OF THERAPEUTIC THERAPEUTIC
Psychotherapy FOUNDERS DISORDER GOALS TECHNIQUES
Insights regarding Free association,
Unconscious unconscious dream analysis,
conflicts from conflicts and interpretation,
Psychoanalisis Freud
fixations in earlier motives, catharisis,
development personality
reconstruction Transference

Congruence
Incongruence between self- Genuineness,
between self- concept and empathy,
concept and experience, unconditional
actual acceptance of
Client-centered positive -
Rogers experience, genuine-self,
therapy regard,clarifi-
overdepen-
Self-determi- cation,
dence on
nation, reflecting back
acceptance
Personal to client
from others
growth
 Through
stopping,
Irrational
Detection of recording
assumptions
negative automatic
and negative,
Cognitive thinking, thoughts,
Beck,Ellis self-defeating
therapy substitution of refuting negative
thinking about
more realistic thinking,
events related
thinking reattribution,
to self
homework
assignments
Classical and operant
Elimination of conditioning,
Maladaptive symptomatic, reinforcement,
Wolpe patterns of maladaptive punishment,
Behavior behavior behaviors; extinction,shaping
Bandura
therapies acquired aversive cond.,
Azrin through acquisition of systematic
learning more adaptive desensitization,
responses token economy,
social skills training
 Psychological Antipsychotic,
malfunction, Elimination of antianxiety,
Biomedical primarily symptoms, and antidepressant
therapies abnormal prevention of drugs,lithium,
neurotransmite relapse Electroconvul-sive
r activity therapy (ECT)

Self Awareness  More Conscious  higher motivation  caring dialog/

Support  Autonomy for the client
a dan b : kompleksitas nature dan nurture
c : accidental influences
d : pilihan/free will/choices
Prinsip-prinsip Tingkah Laku Manusia
 Tingkah laku adalah akibat

 Tingkah laku selalu memiliki tujuan dan goal directed

 Tingkah laku adalah hasil interaksi antara faktor lingkungan dan ‘bawaan’

 Melalui interaksi antara faktor lingkungan dan ‘bawaan’ tersebut, individu

mengembangkan pola kepribadiannya

 Individu berbeda dalam hal nilai-nilai pribadi, sikap, kepribadian, dan peran.
Namun sebagai anggota kelompok dapat terjadi share dalam hal values dan
characteristics.

 Group/kelompok dapat membentuk tingkah laku

 Motivasi terutama merupakan bentuk dari social learning.

Definisi Kepribadian
 Kepribadian adalah organisasi dari sistem psikofisik yang
dinamis yang digunakan individu untuk menyesuaikan diri
secara unik dengan lingkungannya.

 Semua sifat dan karakteristik yang relatif permanen dan

secara konsisten melandasi perilaku manusia
Kepribadian tercemin dari
World view
Life style
Self concept