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STEEL DESIGN
(Lecture 1)
1. Riveted Connections
2. Welded Connections
1. BOLTED-RIVETED TENSION CONNECTIONS
PROBLEM 1. The tension member is composed of a 200x150x10mm thick
Angle connected using 20mmØ rivets as shown. Fy = 250 Mpa,
Determine the following :
1. The net area of the section.
2. The max. net area required by the Code.
3. The safe tensile capacity of the member.
GAGE CONVERSION :
Convert the angle to an Equivalent Flat Member : g’ = g1 + g2 - t
GROSS WIDTH CONVERSION :
bgross = L1 + L2 - t
10
50
200
40
bgross = 200+150-10 = 340
45
g’ = 45+60-10 = 95
30 40 60
150
SOLUTION :
A
50 B
40 C
bgross = 340
g’ = 95
D
E
HOLE DIA. = 34 + 2
= 36 mm 3.
SOLUTION :
2 b 2 150 2 b 2
1. 60
Chain 1-2-3-4 : bnet = 400 – 4x36 + -------- + -------- + -------- = ----- + 321.25
4x100 4x100 4x100 400
60 2 (150 - b) 2 (150-b)2 + 301
Chain 1-2--4 : bnet = 400 – 3x36 + -------- + ------------- = ------------
4x100 4x200 4x200
2 (150-b) 2
b
----- + 321.25 = ------------ + 301 : b2 + 300 b – 6300 = 0 : b = 19.7 mm
400 4x200
1. 14mm plate : Ag = 14x150 = 2100 mm2 Critical plate = Plate of least area
= 10mm plate Ans.
10mm plate : Ag = 10x200 = 2000 mm2
PT =√ PTX 2 + PTY2 =√14.172 2 + 7.0862 15.84 KN FROM RIVET SHEAR STRESS : Single Shear
=
PLOT
PLOT
TORSIONAL
DIRECT SHEAR
SHEAR
(π/4) d2 = 20440
Av = R / Fv : / 100
3. DIRECT SHEAR COMPONENTS :
200mm COMPONENTS
d = 16.13TO
mmCORNER
SAY 17mm
PDY = Pv / n = 32 / 8 = 4 KN
RIVETS
RIVETSONLY ONLY. (Ans.)
PDX = PH / n = 24 / 8 = 3 KN 4. FROM RIVET BEARING :
COMBINED SHEAR & TORSION ( critical rivet ) :
Ab = R / Fb : (17 x t ) = 20440 / 225 (Ans.)
R =√ (PDX + PTX)2 + (PDY + PTY )2 20.44 KN t = 5.34 mm SAY 6 mm
Note: Instantaneous Center = 100 mm left of centroid 5. Elastic (Vector) Analysis
ex = 200+100 = 300
30 mm below centroid Load at Instantaneous Center.
P = 40 KN PV = 32 P = same = 3.0 KN
Dx Note: Critical rivet :
3
PDy = same = 4.0 KN x = 160 , y = 150
Critical rivet
4 P = 40 KN
PH = 24 M = PV x 0.30 + PH x 0.22 = 14.88 3 KNm
70 PDx PTx 4
J = Σ(X2+Y2) = 4x402 + 4x1602 + 2x150 2
90 80
R =√ (PDX + PTX60
)2 +60
(PDY + PTY )2
R = 25.7 kN Ans.
60 60
200mm
40
fv = R / Av fv = 25700 / (π/4) 202
100
fv = 81.8 Mpa Ans.
160
WELDED CONNECTIONS
WELDING PROCESSES :
3. T = 0.707 amax (L) 0.3Fu : 285x103 = 0.707 x 8.5 ( L )(0.3 x 483) : L = 326.75 mm
100mm
150mm
SOLUTION to PROB. 6. PV = 40 KN PH = 0 CRITICAL CORNER y ex
100mm
1. CENTROID : LT = 100+150 = 250 mm
– – 100mm – 100 PV = 40 KN
LT x = Σ(LX) : (250) x = 100(50 ) + 150(75) : x = 65mm
– – – 50
LT y = Σ(Ly) : (250) y = 100(100) + 150(0) : y = 40mm 15
ex = 100 + 65 = 165 mm PDX PTX PDX PTX
PV =mm
ey = 100 - P40 = 60
40 KN
TORSIONAL MOMENT : PDY PDY
4. COMBINED SHEAR & TORSION : R =√ (PDX + PTX)2 + (PDY + PTY )2 708.6 N/mm (Ans.)
=
PROBLEM 7. WELDING UNDER COMBINED SHEAR and BENDING
column P = 50 KN Assuming
1. The shear thestress
columnon and bracket
the weld for does
a 1mmnot control
width of and
PLEASE COPY THE SOLUTION !
using
2.
SMAWthroat.
effective
following
The maximum
field welding process, determine the
if the allowable
force pershear
mm of stress on the fillet weld is
the weld.
150 145 Mpa
3. The :
required leg size of the fillet weld to be used.
1.3. TheRshear stress
= (0.707 on 0.30Fu)
a )(L)( the weld for a 1mm width of
effective throat.
250 2. The 374.19
maximumN/mmforce
= 0.707
peramm
(1mm)(145) : a = 3.65 mm
of the weld.
3. The required leg size of the fillet weld to SAY
be4used.
mm Ans.
P = 50 KN P 50x 103
fD = ----- = -------------- = 100 Mpa = 100 N/mm
A 2 (1 x 250)
plate thickness
BENDING :
1 mm 1 mm
fb
MC 7.5x106 x 125
fD fb = ------ = ------------------- = 360.6 Mpa = 360.6 N/mm
C = 125 M Ix 2.6x106
Ix
NA fv = √ fD2 + fb2 = √ 1002 + 360.62 = 374.19 Mpa Ans.
C = 125 fD
2. R = 374.19 N/mm Ans.
fb
Tension Members Riveted Connections
A
50 B
PROBLEM 1. Solution : 40 C
bgross = 340
g’ = 95
Hole diameter = 20+3 = 23 mm D
E
30 40
1. Chain AD : bnet = 340 – 2x23 = 294 mm
Chain ABD : 302 + ------------
bnet = 340 – 3x23 + -------- 302 = 277.17 mm
4x50 4(95+40)
302 402 702
Chain ABCD : bnet = 340 – 4x23 + -------- + ------- + -------- = 275.39 mm
4x50 4x40 4x95
302 402
Chain ABCE : bnet = 340 – 3x23 + -------- + ------- = 285.5 mm
4x50 4x40
USE : b = smallest = 275.39 mm
HOLE DIA. = 34 + 2= 36 mm
S2
bnet = bgross – Σ holeØ + Σ------
4g
SOLUTION :
60 2 b2 1502 b2
1. Chain 1-2-3-4 : bnet = 400 – 4x36 + -------- + -------- + -------- = ----- + 321.25
4x100 4x100 4x100 400
60 2 (150 - b)2 (150-b)2 + 301
Chain 1-2--4 : bnet = 400 – 3x36 + -------- + ------------- = ------------
4x100 4x200 4x200
2 (150-b) 2
b
----- + 321.25 = ------------ + 301 : b2 + 300 b – 6300 = 0 : b = 19.7 mm
400 4x200
19.7 2
2. Chain 1-2-3-4 = Chain 1-2-4 : bnet = -------- + 321.25 = 322.22 mm USE
400
2 19.7 2
60
Chain 1-2--3 : bnet = 400 – 3x36 + -------- + -------- = 301.97 mm
4x100 4x100
A NET = bNET x t = 301.97 x 12 = 3624 mm2
3. P = ANET x 0.6 Fy = 3624 x 0.6 x 248 x 10-3 : P = 539.2 KN
y ex = 200
SOLUTION to PROB. 3. PH= 40(3/5)=24 KN PV = 40(4/5)=32KN
PV = 32
CRITICAL RIVET :
1. NOTE : Centroid located at center of group. Farthest rivet with
additive forces. PH = 24
ex = 200 mm
ey = 40 + 80 + 70 = 190 mm 70 PDX PTX PDX PTX
60 60 R = 25.7 kN Ans.
40
fv = R / Av fv = 25700 / (π/4) 202
100
fv = 81.8 Mpa Ans.
160
PROBLEM 4. WELDING UNDER DIRECT SHEAR
A 200mm x 100mm thick steel plate is welded using 8mm fillet
weld as shown in the figure. If Fu = 483 Mpa, det. the following :
1. The shear capacity of the fillet weld
150 using Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW) process.
200 2. The shear capacity per unit length
T = te(L)0.3Fu of the fillet weld using SMAW process
150
3. The shear capacity of the fillet weld
using Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
For SMAW Process : te = 0.707 a process.
80mm
45
30 40 80mm
60
150
1. The net area of the section. 60 60
2. The max. net area required by the Code.
3. The safe tensile capacity of the member.
200mm
1. Find the maximum rivet load due to
PROBLEM 3. effect of direct load alone.
1. Determine the value of b.
a) 4.3 kN c) 6.2 kN
Two plates 14mmx150mm and 10mmx200mm 2. What is the net area for tension.
b) 5.0 kN d) 7.3 kN
are lapped together using 25mmØ rivets as 3. Calculate the value of P so that the
2. Find the maximum rivet load due to
shown. The allowable stresses are : allowable tensile stress on net area
effect of equivalent moment alone.
Tension = 100 Mpa, Shear = 70 Mpa, will not be exceeded.
a) 12.7 kN c) 14.5 kN
Bearing = 120 Mpa. b) 13.8 kN d) 15.3 kN
Determine the following : 3. Find the minimum size of rivet that
can be used if allowable shear stress
1. The critical plate for tension. is 100 MPa.
10 x 200 a) 15 mm c) 17 mm
2. The maximum load carried by the connection
b) 16 mm d) 18 mm
considering tension failure of the plate.
2. The maximum load carried by the connection
T T 4. Find the minimum thickness of plate
considering shear failure on the rivet. that can be used if allowable bearing
2. The maximum load carried by the connection stress is 225 MPa.
considering bearing failure on the rivet. 14 x 150 a) 4.5 mm c) 6.0 mm
5. The safe tensile capacity. b) 5.0 mm d) 7.5 mm
6. The efficiency of the joint. 5. Find the total resistance & shearing stress
on the critical rivet if the Instantaneous
Center is located 100mm left and 30mm
down the centroid of the rivet group.
PROBLEM 5. WELDING UNDER DIRECT SHEAR
A 100mmx100mmx10mm thick angle is to be welded to a gusset plate as shown in the
figure. The angle has a cross-sectional area of 1900mm2 with neutral axis located
28.7mm from the corner edge of the angle. If Fu = 483 Mpa, determine the following :
3. T = 0.707 amax (L) 0.3Fu : 285x103 = 0.707 x 8.5 ( L )(0.3 x 483) : L = 326.75 mm
100mm
150mm
SOLUTION to PROB. 6. PV = 40 KN PH = 0 y ex
100mm
1. CENTROID : LT = 100+150 = 250 mm
– – – 100 PV = 40 KN
LT x = Σ(LX) : (250) x = 100(50 ) + 150(75) : x = 65mm
– – – 50
CRITICAL
LT y = Σ(Ly) : (250) y = 100(100) + 150(0) : y = 40mm 15
CORNER
4. COMBINED SHEAR & TORSION : R =√ (PDX + PTX)2 + (PDY + PTY )2 708.6 N/mm (Ans.)
=
PROBLEM 7. WELDING UNDER COMBINED SHEAR and BENDING
Assuming the column and bracket does not control and
column P = 50 KN
using SMAW field welding process, determine the
following if the allowable shear stress on the fillet weld is
145 Mpa :
150 1. The shear stress on the weld for a 1mm width of
effective throat.
2. The maximum force per mm of the weld.
250 3. The required leg size of the fillet weld to be used.
1. M = 50 x 0.15 = 7.5 KNm
Ix = 2 ( 1 x 2503 / 12 ) = 2.6 x 106 mm4
DIRECT SHEAR :
P 50x 103
fD = ----- = -------------- = 100 Mpa = 100 N/mm
A 2 (1 x 250)
P = 50 KN BENDING :
plate thickness MC 7.5x106 x 125
fb = ------ = ------------------- = 360.6 Mpa = 360.6 N/mm
1 mm 1 mm Ix 2.6x106
fb
fv = √ fD2 + fb2 = √ 1002 + 360.62 = 374.19 Mpa Ans.
fD
C = 125 M 2. Ans.
Ix R = 374.19 N/mm
NA
3. R = (0.707 a )(L)( 0.30Fu)
C = 125 fD
374.19 N/mm = 0.707 a (1mm)(145) : a = 3.65 mm
fb
SAY 4 mm Ans.