“NATURE VS NURTURE” / GENETIC VS

ENVIRONMENT ON PERSONALITY

PIA 1007 PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN

PROF JAS LAILE

NAMA AHLI KUMPULAN & NO MATRIK:

NG WING KEI PIA180017
LEE WEI KIT PIA180008
NIK AZUMA PIA180018
 AROUND 40 PERCENT OF A PERSON’S PERSONALITY TRAITS STEM
FROM INHERITED GENES, ACCORDING TO DR. DAVID FUNDER,
PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
RIVERSIDE, AND AUTHOR OF “THE PERSONALITY PUZZLE.”
• What is Personality?
“Big Five”

• Genetic?:
-gene
-Chromosome
-DNA
 SHELDON’S PERSONALITY THEORY ( LINKED BODY SHAPE WITH THE
PERSONALITY)
WILLIAM SHELDON , AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST AND PHYSICIAN WHO WAS
BEST KNOWN FOR HIS THEORY ASSOCIATING PHYSIQUE, PERSONALITY,
AND DELINQUENCY.

Type of Body physical characteristics Personality

Shapes
Endomorphs Round and soft “viscerotonic” personality:
relaxed, comfortable, extroverted

Mesomorphs Strong and muscular “somotonic” personality:

active, dynamic, assertive,
aggressive, brave to face the
problem
Ectomorphs Thin, fine-boned and tall “cerebrotonic” personality:
introverted, thoughtful, inhibited,
sensitive)
 TYPE OF TWINS:
MZ:
• Monozygotic twins (genetically identical) same
original zygote.
• Identical twins have the same genes and share
the same parents.
• The different within twin must be due to their
unique environment experiences

DZ:
• Dizygotic twins (2 separate ova + 2 separate
sperm)
• Non-identical twins have the same parents but
different genes.
• The different within the twins must be due to the
genetic effects and unique environmental
experiences.
 “TWIN STUDIES” AND OTHER STUDIES ON PERSONALITY
University of Minnesota studied 350 pairs of twins:

• Twin studies suggest that MZ share approximately 50 percent of the same traits, while DZ
share only about 20 percent.
• Among the traits found most strongly determined by heredity were ambition, vulnerability to stress
(neuroticism), leadership, risk-seeking, a sense of well-being and respect for authority.
• Non-twin siblings only share around 20 percent of the same traits.
• Adopted/Biologically unrelated children raised in the same home share just 7 percent of traits. (similar
behavior to biological parents rather than adoptive parents)
Intelligence
• Twin studies suggest that between 40 and 80 percent of the variance in IQ is linked to
genetics.

Breast Cancer Risk

• Through studying twin pairs, the first gene that influences both mammographic density and risk
of breast cancer, called LSP1.
• Researchers discovered that MZ twins are highly similar for mammographic density, which
predicts future risk of breast cancer.
• DZ twins are half as similar, suggesting a major genetic role underlying this risk factor.
"Gay Gene"
• the Swedish Twin Registry, the largest in the world, to investigate genetic and environmental influences that
determine whether or not a person is gay.
• The scientists found that genetics accounted for only 35 percent of the differences between identical and
fraternal gay men and even less—roughly 18 percent—in gay women.
 WHAT ARE SOME BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
THAT GENES INFLUENCE?

1.The depression gene

• The chromosome 3p25-26 was found in more than 800 families with recurrent
depression.
• Scientists believe that as many as 40 percent of those with depression can
trace it to a genetic link. Environmental and other factors make up the other
60 percent.
• Research has also shown that people with parents or siblings who have
depression are up to three times more likely to have the condition.
• 2.Antisocial behavior (aggression & violence)
• The low activity form of the MAOA gene (MAOA-L)
• "warrior gene" -less MAO is produced, which means that less of the neurotransmitters serotonin,
norepinephrine, and dopamine are broken down, higher levels of these brain chemicals seem to equal higher
levels of aggression.These people feel less empathy for others and are more willing to harm others on a whim.

• 3.Alcoholism/ Alcohol Use Disorder

• A 2008 study conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) concluded that
genetic factors account for 40-60 % of the variance among people who struggle with alcohol use disorder.
• Some specific genes that contribute to alcohol use disorder have been found, and they correlate with the
development of the reward centers in the brain.
4.Schizophrenia
• If one of a set of identical twins has the disorder, there is a 46% chance that
the other twin will show symptoms of schizophrenia as well.
• Children who have two parents with schizophrenia have a 46 percent chance
of having the disorder as well.
• People who come from families where no one has schizophrenia have only a
very small chance (1%) of developing the disorder.

5.Bipolar disorder
• Studies on twins show that if one member of a pair of identical twins has
bipolar disorder, the other twin has about a 70 % chance of also having the
disorder.
• If one of a pair of fraternal twins has bipolar disorder, the risk of the other
twin having it is only 15 to 25 %.
 DISEASE THAT ARE GENETICALLY INHERITED
Obesity
• Using the methods of inheritance studies, such as investigating pairs of twins, researchers have concluded that
inherited genes contribute about 40 percent and the environment about 60 percent to whether a person
becomes obese.

Alzheimer’s
• One really famous SNP is the APOE4 genetic polymorphism, which has been linked to increased risk
for Alzheimer's Disease in humans.
FAKTOR PERSEKITARAN TERHADAP
PERSONALITY
KELUARGA
 “Attachment style”
• Secure, Insecure Avoidant, Insecure Resistant, Insecure Disorganised
 Taraf sosio-ekonomi keluarga
• Kaya vs miskin
• Berpendidikan vs tidak berpendidikan
 Pelaziman operan
• Peneguhan positif/ negative
• Hukuman
 Adler's Personality Theory
 MASYARAKAT/ BUDAYA
 Social Expectation Theory
• Jangkaan masyarakat terhadap seseorang itu.
• Manusia sering mendasarkan tingkah laku mereka mengikut jangkaan social masyarakat.
• Bergantung kepada bagaimana kumpulan social itu bertingkah laku.
 Norma/ Nilai
• norma boleh mempengaruhi melalui bagaimana cara kumpulan social bertingkah laku,berfikir dan apa sahaja yang mereka
jangkakan.
• Norma yang sihat akan membentuk personality seseorang individu itu untuk bertingkah laku tanpa melanggar norma dalam
kumpulan sosialnya.

 Role Theory
• Peranan yang dipegang seseorang itu berdasarkan identitinya.
• Peranan boleh mempengaruhi secara mendalam kepada pemikiran dan tingkah laku seseorang itu.
• CTh: Pelajar, anak, kawan, isteri, suami, ibubapa
PENGARUH SEKOLAH DAN RAKAN SEBAYA

Gaya kepimpinan pentadbir sekolah

• Tegas/ Permisif
 Peranan guru
• Mengambil berat terhadap pelajar dari semua aspek dan bukannya akademik sahaja.
• Memberi pendidikan dengan betul supaya dapat bekembang secara positif.
 Keperibadian rakan-rakan
• Lebih banyak berinteraksi dengan rakan sekolah berbanding keluarga
• Positif/ negative
• Mempengaruhi pemikiran serta tingkah laku seseorang individu.
PENGALAMAN AWAL

 Teori Psikoseksual
- Oral, anal, phallic, latane, dan

 Pengalaman
 Kejadian besar yang memberi kesan berpanjangan kepada seseorang. (Post Trauma Stress
Disorder)
MEDIA MASSA
 Teori Pembelajaran Sosial
- Bobo doll eksperimen
- Diperkenalkan oleh Bandura tentang isu kanak-kanak meniru tingkah laku yang dipaparkan di media massa.

- Momo challenge
- Mengajar penonton terutamanya kanak-kanak tentang cara mencederakan atau membunuh diri.
REFERENCE