Prashil Badwaik

(BT16CME013)
⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, (M.S.) 440010, India.
E-mail address: sssonawane@che.vnit.ac.in (S.S. Sonawane).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.05.018
Approach
 Approach

-To synthesize nanofluids using chemical synthesis.

• Al2O3/water,
• Al2O3/ ethylene glycol and
• Al2O3/paraffin.
 Approach

-To synthesize nanofluids using chemical synthesis.

• Al2O3/water,
• Al2O3/ ethylene glycol and
• Al2O3/paraffin.

-To measure
• thermal conductivity
• convective heat transfer enhancement of synthesized nanofluids.
Experimental work
 Experimental work

1. Preparation of nanofluid and its stabilzation

 Experimental work

1. Preparation of nanofluid and its stabilzation

1200 W CromTech sonicator

with 30 KHz
 Experimental work

1. Preparation of nanofluid and its stabilzation

1200 W CromTech sonicator

with 30 KHz

2. Base fluid used: Distilled water, Ethylene glycol and Paraffin.

3. After sonication solutions were kept for 10 min to reduce the
sonication effect
Experimental setup
 Experimental setup
1. KD2 Pro:
-to measure thermal conductivity, diffusivity and resistivity.
 Experimental setup
1. KD2 Pro:
-to measure thermal conductivity, diffusivity and resistivity.

2. Shell and tube HE:

- to measure the heat-transfer behavior of Al2O3 nanofluids.
 Experimental setup
1. KD2 Pro:
-to measure thermal conductivity, diffusivity and resistivity.

2. Shell and tube HE:

- to measure the heat-transfer behavior of Al2O3 nanofluids.

Hot fluid Nanofluids

Results and discussion
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles (using SEM)
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles (using SEM)
• SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated
condition.
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles (using SEM)
• SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated
condition.
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles (using SEM)
• SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated
condition.

• Ultrasonication to break agglomerates.

 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles (using SEM)
• SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated
condition.
• Ultrasonication to break agglomerates.
• The particle size distribution.
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles (using SEM)
• SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated
condition.
• Ultrasonication to break agglomerates.
• The particle size distribution (Average size is 10 nm).
 Results and discussion
2. Effect of concentration

Thermal conductivity of nanofluids measured by the transient hot-wire

method[1].

[1]Y. Nagasaka, A. Nagashima, Absolute measurement of the thermal conductivity of electrically conducting liquids by the transient
hot-wiremethod, J. Phys. E Sci.Instrum. (1981) 14–1435
 Results and discussion
2. Effect of concentration

Thermal conductivity of nanofluids measured by the transient hot-wire

method[1].
[1]Y. Nagasaka, A. Nagashima, Absolute measurement of the thermal conductivity of electrically conducting liquids by the transient
hot-wiremethod, J. Phys. E Sci.Instrum. (1981) 14–1435
 Results and discussion
2. Effect of concentration

As the concentration of nanopaticles increases in the base fluid the thermal

conductivity value enhanced.
 Results and discussion
3. Effect of temperature

Fig. 4. Thermal conductivity ratio of (A) Al2O3–Water nanofluids versus volume fraction of 10-
nm-diameter nanoparticles.

Reason:
As the temperature of nanofluid increases, the particle agglomeration, and
viscosity decreases.
 Results and discussion
3. Effect of temperature

Fig. 4. Thermal conductivity ratio of (B) Al2O3–Ethylene glycol nanofluids versus volume
fraction of 10-nm-diameter nanoparticles.

Reason:
As the temperature of nanofluid increases, the particle agglomeration, and
viscosity decreases.
 Results and discussion
3. Effect of temperature

Fig. 4. Thermal conductivity ratio of (C) Al2O3–Paraffin nanofluids versus volume fraction of
10-nm-diameter nanoparticles.

Reason:
As the temperature of nanofluid increases, the particle agglomeration, and
viscosity decreases.
 Results and discussion
4. Convective heat transfer performance of nanofluids
(using shell and tube heat exchanger)

Before performing the experiment, the reliability and accuracy heat exchanger
were estimated by using distilled water as the working fluid.
 Results and discussion
4. Convective heat transfer performance of nanofluids

Fig. 5. Heat transfer rate of Al2O3 based nanofluid versus Reynolds number of different
concentrations (50 °C hot fluid) (A) Al2O3-water.

Results clearly indicate that the convective heat transfer coefficient of

nanofluids increases with Reynold's number for each concentration.
 Results and discussion
4. Convective heat transfer performance of nanofluids

Fig. 5. Heat transfer rate of Al2O3 based nanofluid versus Reynolds number of different
concentrations (50 °C hot fluid) (B) Al2O3-Ethylene Glycol.

Results clearly indicate that the convective heat transfer coefficient of

nanofluids increases with Reynold's number for each concentration.
 Results and discussion
4. Convective heat transfer performance of nanofluids

Fig. 5. Heat transfer rate of Al2O3 based nanofluid versus Reynolds number of different
concentrations (50 °C hot fluid) (A) Al2O3-Paraffin.

Results clearly indicate that the convective heat transfer coefficient of

nanofluids increases with Reynold's number for each concentration.
 Various researchers suggest that the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in the
base fluid increases the heat-transfer performance of nanofluid.

S.E.B. Maiga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 26 (2005) 530–546.
 Various researchers suggest that the Brownian motion of nanoparicles in the
base fluid increases the heat-transfer performance of nanofluid.

If velocity of nanofluids is increased

S.E.B. Maiga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 26 (2005) 530–546.
 Various researchers suggest that the Brownian motion of nanoparicles in the
base fluid increases the heat-transfer performance of nanofluid.

If velocity of nanofluids is increased

increases

Random motion of nanoparticles

S.E.B. Maiga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 26 (2005) 530–546.
 Various researchers suggest that the Brownian motion of nanoparicles in the
base fluid increases the heat-transfer performance of nanofluid.

If velocity of nanofluids is increased

increases

Random motion of nanoparticles

decreases

Thermal boundary-layer thickness

S.E.B. Maiga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 26 (2005) 530–546.
 Various researchers suggest that the Brownian motion of nanoparicles in the
base fluid increases the heat-transfer performance of nanofluid.

If velocity of nanofluids is increased

increases

Random motion of nanoparticles

decreases

Thermal boundary-layer thickness

increases

Energy exchange rate

S.E.B. Maiga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 26 (2005) 530–546.
 Various researchers suggest that the Brownian motion of nanoparicles in the
base fluid increases the heat-transfer performance of nanofluid.

If velocity of nanofluids is increased

increases

Random motion of nanoparticles

decreases

Thermal boundary-layer thickness

increases

Energy exchange rate

increases

Convective heat transfer coefficient

S.E.B. Maiga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 26 (2005) 530–546.
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor
Pressure drop over the tube side of the shell and tube heat exchanger
Darcy friction factor of nanofluid.
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor
Pressure drop over the tube side of the shell and tube heat exchanger
Darcy friction factor of nanofluid.

The experimental values of friction factor were compared with the values
calculated using Blasius [1] and Petukhov [2] which is valid for the laminar and
turbulent flow.

[1] H. Blasius, Grenzschichten in Flussigkeiten mit kleiner Reibung (German), Z. Math. Phys. 56 (1908) 1–37.B.
[2] Heat transfer and friction in turbulent pipeflow with variable physical properties, in: B.S. Petukhov, J.P. Hartnett, T.F. Irvine (Eds.), Advances
in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 504–564.
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor
Pressure drop over the tube side of the shell and tube heat exchanger
Darcy friction factor of nanofluid.

The experimental values of friction factor were compared with the values
calculated using Blasius [1] and Petukhov [2] which is valid for the laminar and
turbulent flow.

[1] H. Blasius, Grenzschichten in Flussigkeiten mit kleiner Reibung (German), Z. Math. Phys. 56 (1908) 1–37.B.
[2] Heat transfer and friction in turbulent pipeflow with variable physical properties, in: B.S. Petukhov, J.P. Hartnett, T.F. Irvine (Eds.), Advances
in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 504–564.
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor

Fig. 6. Friction factor variations versus Reynolds number (A) 0.04 vol% Al2O3-water nanofluid

The results obtained showed that friction factor decreased with the increase of the Reynold's
number and increased with the concentration of nanofluids(very slightly). Since the fluid flow
is fully developed turbulent flow, the friction factor inside the tube is negligible.
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor

Fig. 6. Friction factor variations versus Reynolds number (B) 0.04 vol% Al2O3-EG nanofluid

The results obtained showed that friction factor decreased with the increase of the Reynold's
number and increased with the concentration of nanofluids(very slightly). Since the fluid flow
is fully developed turbulent flow, the friction factor inside the tube is negligible.
 Results and discussion
4. Friction factor

Fig. 6. Friction factor variations versus Reynolds number (C) 0.04 vol% Al2O3-paraffin nanofluid.

The results obtained showed that friction factor decreased with the increase of the Reynold's
number and increased with the concentration of nanofluids(very slightly). Since the fluid flow
is fully developed turbulent flow, the friction factor inside the tube is negligible.
 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations

-The experimental data obtained in the present study has been compared with
 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations

-The experimental data obtained in the present study has been compared with

• Gnielinski correlation [27],

 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations

-The experimental data obtained in the present study has been compared with

• Gnielinski correlation [27],

• Dittus-Boelter [28] and

 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations

-The experimental data obtained in the present study has been compared with

• Gnielinski correlation [27],

• Dittus-Boelter [28] and

• Xuan & Li [29]

 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations,

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental Nusselt number with existing convective heat transfer
correlations (A) (Al2O3-water).

Results show that 0.06 vol% of Al2O3/water nanofluid a good agreement between
the experimental results and the predicted values.
 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations,

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental Nusselt number with existing convective heat transfer
correlations (B) (Al2O3-EG).

Results show that 0.06 vol% of Al2O3/water nanofluid a good agreement between
the experimental results and the predicted values.
 Results and discussion
5. Comparison between experimental results and available correlations,

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental Nusselt number with existing convective heat transfer
correlations (C) (Al2O3-paraffin).

Results show that 0.06 vol% of Al2O3/water nanofluid a good agreement between
the experimental results and the predicted values.
Conclusion
 Conclusion

▪ It has been found that Thermal conductivity is proportional to the concentration

of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base fluids and temperature because suspended
Al2O3 nanoparticles increase the turbulence of the fluids, which accelerates the
energy exchange process.
 Conclusion

▪ It has been found that Thermal conductivity is proportional to the concentration

of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base fluids and temperature because suspended
Al2O3 nanoparticles increase the turbulence of the fluids, which accelerates the
energy exchange process.

▪ An enhancement in the overall heat transfer coefficient has been studied for all
three nanofluids for different concentration, flow rate and temperature of hot
fluids.
 Conclusion

▪ It has been found that Thermal conductivity is proportional to the concentration

of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base fluids and temperature because suspended
Al2O3 nanoparticles increase the turbulence of the fluids, which accelerates the
energy exchange process.

▪ An enhancement in the overall heat transfer coefficient has been studied for all
three nanofluids for different concentration, flow rate and temperature of hot
fluids.

▪ The heat-transfer behavior of Al2O3 nanofluids in a shell and tube heat

exchanger was investigated.
 Conclusion

▪ It has been found that Thermal conductivity is proportional to the concentration

of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base fluids and temperature because suspended
Al2O3 nanoparticles increase the turbulence of the fluids, which accelerates the
energy exchange process.

▪ An enhancement in the overall heat transfer coefficient has been studied for all
three nanofluids for different concentration, flow rate and temperature of hot
fluids.

▪ The heat-transfer behavior of Al2O3 nanofluids in a shell and tube heat

exchanger was investigated.

▪ Pressure drop of the nanofluids in the shell and tube heat exchanger has been
studied. It is found that fiction factor was higher in turbulant flow than that for
laminar flow as the base fluid. There is no significant increase in the pressure drop
at a laminar flow.
⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, (M.S.) 440010, India.
E-mail address: sssonawane@che.vnit.ac.in (S.S. Sonawane).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.05.018
Approach
 Approach

-To synthesize nanofluids using chemical synthesis.

• Al2O3/water,
• Fe2O3/ water and
• CuO/water.
 Approach

-To synthesize nanofluids using chemical synthesis.

• Al2O3/water,
• Fe2O3/ water and
• CuO/water.

-To fabricate of CHF measurement instrument, its calibration, evaluation of CHF

of Al2O3, CuO, Fe2O3 nanoparticles in water.
Experimental work
 Experimental work

1. Preparation of nanofluid and its stabilzation

 Experimental work

1. Preparation of nanofluid and its stabilzation.

1200 W CromTech sonicator

with 30 KHz
 Experimental work

1. Preparation of nanofluid and its stabilzation

1200 W CromTech sonicator

with 30 KHz

2. Nanoparticles used: CuO, Fe2O3, Al2O3 .

3. After sonication solutions were kept for 10 min to reduce the
sonication effect
Experimental setup
Experimental setup
 Experimental setup

-Glass bowl in steel container.

 Experimental setup

-Glass bowl in steel container.

- Two heaters
1. Primary: Nichrome wire (to heat the nanofluid directly : voltage regulated)
 Experimental setup

-Glass bowl in steel container.

- Two heaters
1. Primary: Nichrome wire (to heat the nanofluid directly : voltage regulated)
2. Secondory: (to heat the nanofluid in container near to its boiling point)
 Experimental setup

-Glass bowl in steel container.

- Two heaters
1. Primary: Nichrome wire (to heat the nanofluid directly : voltage regulated)
2. Secondory: (to heat the nanofluid in container near to its boiling point)
- A condenser (to remove the dissolve gases and prevent evaporation loss)
 Experimental setup

-Glass bowl in steel container.

- Two heaters
1. Primary: Nichrome wire (to heat the nanofluid directly: voltage regulated)
2. Secondory: (to heat the nanofluid in container near to its boiling point)
- A condenser (to remove the dissolve gases and prevent evaporation loss)
- Two stirrers.
- Thermocouple.
• Voltage was varied in a step of 0.2 V and current was recorded until CHF is reached.
CHF is detected either by visually (Red glowing of wire) or electrically (Sudden drops in
current).
• The CHF is calculated using following equation:
Results and discussion
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles:
SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated condition.

Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrograph image of Aluminium oxide nanoparticle.

 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles:
SEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Al2O3 in agglomerated condition.
2. Average size nanoparticles is 10 nm.
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles:
FESEM shows the presence of spherical particles of Fe2O3 in agglomerated
condition.
 Results and discussion
1. Characteristics of nanoparticles:
-Rod-shaped nanoparticles and properly dispersed very well with small aggregation.
-The average size of the particles is 26 nm.

Fig. 5. (a): Select-area electron diffraction (SAED) of as prepared CuO nanoparticles (b): Typical TEM
micrograph for synthesized rod shaped nanoaprticles.
 Results and discussion
2. CHF (pool boiling) experiments with wires:

• The CHF of water is constant throughout which is 1.62 MW/m2.

• The CHF proposed by the Zuber's Correlation is 1.362 MW/m2.
• Zuber's correlation:

Where-
• qchf=CHF (KW/m2), C = π/24,
• hfg=heat of vaporization (kJ/kg).
• ρl, ρv=Densities of water and vapor (Kg/m3),
σ=Surface tension between air and water (N/m).

Y. Wang, G.H. Su, Experimental investigation on nanofluid flow boiling heat transfer in a vertical tube under different pressure conditions,
Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. 77 (2016) 116–123.
Fig 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images
of wire surface shown in Fig. 6 (A, B).

• Wire is clean during pure water

boiling, but a pours layer form
during nanofluids boiling.
 Results and discussion

Fig. 7. (A) CHF data for water and Al2O3-water nanofluid.

At the higher concentration of nanoparticles in the fluid, the stability of nanofluid

plays an important role in CHF enhancement.
 Results and discussion

Fig. 7. (B) Boiling curve for Al2O3-water Nanofluid and water at 0.1013 MPa and 373.15 K.
 Results and discussion

1. Upto optimum concentration:

 Results and discussion

1. Upto optimum concentration:

 Enhanced surface wettability.

 Increased heat transfer coefficient.
 Nanoparticle deposition on heating Element.
 Results and discussion

1. Upto optimum concentration:

 Enhanced surface wettability.

 Increased heat transfer coefficient.
 Nanoparticle deposition on heating Element.

2. After the optimum concentration:

 Results and discussion

1. Upto optimum concentration:

 Enhanced surface wettability.

 Increased heat transfer coefficient.
 Nanoparticle deposition on heating Element.

2. After the optimum concentration:

 Particles get agglomerate and tend to settle down more rapidly.
 Decreased surface wettability.
 Results and discussion

1. Upto optimum concentration:

 Enhanced surface wettability.

 Increased heat transfer coefficient.
 Nanoparticle deposition on heating Element.

2. After the optimum concentration

 Particles get agglomerate and tend to settle down more rapidly.
 Decreased surface wettability.

Ultimately, Critical Heat Flux of fluids started falling down.

Fig. 7. (A) CHF data for water and Fe2O3-water nanofluid.
Fig. 7. (B) Boiling curve for Fe2O3-water Nanofluid and water at 0.1013 MPa and 373.15 K.
Fig. 7. (A) CHF data for water and CuO-water nanofluid.
Fig. 7. (B) Boiling curve for CuO-water Nanofluid and water at 0.1013 MPa and 373.15 K.
Conclusion
 Conclusion

1. CHF of engineered metal oxides nanofluid is higher than the base

fluid water.
 Conclusion

1. CHF of engineered metal oxides nanofluid is higher than the base

fluid water.
2.
Nanofluid Increment in CHF
Al2O3/water 130%
Fe2O3/water 122%

CuO/water 51%
 Conclusion

1. CHF of engineered metal oxides nanofluid is higher than the base

fluid water.
2.
Nanofluid Increment in CHF
Al2O3/water 130%
Fe2O3/water 122%

CuO/water 51%

No agglomerization more deposition of particles on the heating surface.

 Conclusion

1. CHF of engineered metal oxides nanofluid is higher than the base

fluid water.
2.
Nanofluid Increment in CHF
Al2O3/water 130%
Fe2O3/water 122%

CuO/water 51%

No agglomerization more deposition of particles on the heating surface.

2. As the concentration of nanoparticles in water increases, the CHF

also increases up to their optimum concentration and then starts to
drop and almost becomes constant.
 Conclusion

1. CHF of engineered metal oxides nanofluid is higher than the base

fluid water.
2.
Nanofluid Increment in CHF
Al2O3/water 130%
Fe2O3/water 122%

CuO/water 51%

No agglomerization more deposition of particles on the heating surface.

2. As the concentration of nanoparticles in water increases, the CHF

also increases up to their optimum concentration and then starts to
drop and almost becomes constant .
3. Nanofluid becomes attractive towards electric cooling systems and nuclear
power plants.
However, there are some problems remain such as, the drop of the
boiling heat transfer and agglomeration issues.
Thank you..