CHAPTER 5

MAGNETIC INDUCTION
LEADER: Kate Angel Bacacao
MEMBERS: Anna Agnes Sudaria
Ara Niña Villacarlos
Brigette Louise Dosdos
Rose Marie Cabarrubias
 5.1 Why is it called electromagnetism?
 In 1820, physicist Hans Christian Oersted concluded that
an electric field can produce a magnetic field.
 After the discovery of the connection between electric
and magnetic field, Michael Faraday reasoned out that
if an electric field can produce magnetic field, perhaps a
magnetic field can produce an electric field.
 Faraday work started at first using different
combinations of wires and magnetic strengths and
currents, but no current was detected. It wasn't until he
tried moving the magnets that he got success in
producing electric field.
 It turns out that magnetic induction is created by just
that - the moving of a conductive substance through a
magnetic field.
 Magnetic Induction
 An electric field produced in the process of using magnets is called an
induced electric field, and this phenomena is called magnetic induction.
 Magnetic Induction is the process of using magnetic fields to produce
voltage, and in a complete circuit, a current.
5.2 MAGNETIC FLUX AND FARADAY’S
LAW
 Magnetic Flux
 The first step to understanding the complex nature of magnetic induction is to
understand the idea of magnetic flux.
 Flux is a general term associated with a field that is bound by a certain area,
so magnetic flux is any area that has a magnetic field passing through it.
 Qualitatively, one can think of the magnetic flux as a “count” of the number of
field lines that pass through the surface.

A
B B

B A
A
 Problems
• A magnetic field of 20T is directed to the face of circular coil with a radius of 25 cm.
Calculate the magnetic flux in this coil.
Answer: 0.039Wb
• A rectangular surface that is 5m wide and 3m high is placed in a uniform magnetic field
that is oriented at an angle 30° to the surface. If the magnetic flux through this area is
0.90 nWb, what is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
Answer: 6.93 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 T
• A magnet produces a flux of 2.0x10−4 Wb through a rectangular region 40mm wide
and 30mm high, perpendicular to the direction of the field. Calculate the magnetic field
through the region.
Answer: 0.17T
Induced Current
• A current can be induced in a conducting loop if it is exposed to a changing
magnetic field. This change may be produced in several ways; (1) you can
change the strength of the magnetic field, (2) move the conductor in
and out of the field, (3) alter the distance between a magnet and the
conductor, or (4) change the area of a loop located in a stable magnetic
field. No matter how the variation is achieved, the result, an induced current,
is the same.
Electric circuits have used a battery or an electrical power supply to create with that
potential difference within a circuit. The electric field associated with that potential
difference causes charges to move through the circuit and to create a current.
It is also possible to induce a current in a circuit
without the use of battery

Electric current results when a closed electric circuit moves with the respect
to a magnetic field.
 The process of inducing a current in a circuit by changing the magnetic field
that passes through the circuit is called electromagnetic induction.
Inducing Electromotive force

This involves generating a voltage by changing the

magnetic field that passes through a coil of wire.
 Inducing Electromotive Force
• Three ways of inducing an electromotive force (emf), resulting in a current flow in a closed
circuit.
 • A practical way of changing the magnetic flux is to use an
alternating current in one coil to create the changing magnetic flux
in a second coil.

*This illustrates the principle

of the transformer which
transforms the current and emf
in the primary coil to a different
emf and current in an adjacent
secondary coil.

• Electrical power transmitted by the transformer is sufficient to heat

a light bulb
The magnetic field is increasing in the primary, the induced emf in the
secondary coil will produce a current and magnetic field in the opposite
direction. As a result, the secondary ring is repelled by the primary coil.

*This repulsion
illustrates Lenz’s
Law
Faraday’s Law of
Induction
MICHAEL FARADAY
 History Of Faraday (1791-1867)
Michael Faraday (born Sept. 22, 1791) was a British physicist and chemist who
is best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws
of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the
electric motor.
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

• shortly called Faraday's law

• Faraday's law of induction tells how to calculate the potential difference that
produces this induced current.
• This law is written in terms of the magnetic flux and the electromotive force
(emf) induced in the wire loop.
• Electromotive force or the emf denoted by (e ) is not a force; rather it is an
electric potential difference, like the one that appears across the terminals of
a battery.
Faraday’s law of induction predicts the
magnitude of the induced emf
• To calculate the magnitude of the induced emf, you must
use the Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction. For a single
loop of a circuit, this may be expressed as follows:
• This simple formula contains two important ideas. The first is that
the magnitude of the induced electromotive force equals the rate
of change of the magnetic flux.
• The second important “idea” is the negative sign which is so
important that it has its own name: Lenz’s law.
• Recall from the chapter of magnetism that the
magnetic flux, can be written as ΦB = B A
Cosθ ;
• Where,
• B = magnetic field,
• A = surface area and
• Θ = angle between the normal to the surface
and magnetic field.
• unit is measured in Weber (Wb)
• This equation means that a change with time of any of the three
variables--- applied magnetic strength B, circuit area A, or angle of
orientation, Θ . It can give rise to an induced emf
• The term B cos Θ represents the component of the magnetic field
perpendicular to the plane of the loop
• The angle Θ is measured between the applied magnetic field and the
normal to the plane of the loop

The induced e.m.f. in a wire loop is proportional to the rate of

change of magnetic flux through the loop.
• The negative sign in Faraday’s law comes from the fact that the electromotive
force induced in the coil acts to oppose any change in the magnetic flux.
This is summarized in Len’z Law.

• If a circuit contains a number, N, of tightly wound loops, the average

induced emf is simply N times the induced emf for a single loop. The
equation thus takes the general form of Faraday’s law of
• If a circuit contains a number, N, of tightly wound loops, the average
induced emf is simply N times the induced emf for a single loop. The
equation thus takes the general form of Faraday’s law of magnetic induction.

B
 B

• GENERAL FORMULA:
induced emf = -the the number of loops in the circuit x the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux
 -N is always assumed to be a whole number
 Unit for magnetic field strength is tesla (T) which is equivalent to 𝑵•𝒔/𝒄•𝒎
 Expressed in equivalent units of one volt-second per meter squared, or (V •s)
m². Thus the unit for emf, as for electric potential, is volt.
 To find the magnitude of the induced current

• I = emf /R
• Where,
• I= Induced Current
• emf= electromotive force
• R= resistance
PROBLEM:

• A coil with 25 turns of wire is wrapped around a hallow tube

with an area of 1.8 m². Each turn has the same area as the
tube. A uniform magnetic field is applied at a right angle to
the plane of the coil. If the field increases uniformly from
0.00 T to 0.55 T in 0.85 s, find the magnitude of the induced
emf in the coil. If the resistance in the coil is 2.5 Ω, find the
magnitude of the induced current in the coil.
Given:

∆t = 0.85 s R= 2.5 Ω
A = 1.8 m²
N = 25 turns
Bi = 0.00 T Bf = 0.55 T
Unknown: emf= ? I= ?
Use faraday’s law of magnetic induction
to find the induced emf in the coil:

B
 Substitute the values into the equation
and solve:
(𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝑵•𝒔/𝒄•𝒎)
emf = -(25) (1.8 m²)
𝟎.𝟖𝟓 𝒔

• = -29. 11764706 or -29 V

 To find the magnitude of the induced current
in the coil.
I = emf /R
emf= -29 V
−29 V
I=
2.5 Ω
I= -12 A
Problem:

• 1. A coil with 205 turns of wire, a total resistance of 23 Ω and a cross-

sectional area of 0.25 m² is positioned with its plane perpendicular to the
field of a powerful electromagnet. What average current is induced in the
coil during the 0.25 s that the magnetic field drops to 1.6 T.
LENZ’S LAW AND WORK-
ENERGY PRINCIPLES
 Heinrich Friedrich
Emil Lenz
• Russian physicist
• (1804-1865)
• 1834 Lenz’s Law
• There is an induced current in a
closed conducting loop if and only if
the magnetic flux through the loop is
changing. The direction of the
induced current is such that the
induced magnetic field always
opposes the change in the flux.
FORMULA OF FARADAY

B = magnetic field
N = number of loops
B B = magnetic flux

t = time
 LENZ’S LAW
• In what direction will the induced
current flow
• Current flowing creates a magnetic
field
• Moving magnetic field can also generate
electric current
(all you need is a thing that keeps the
magnet spinning)
Not all materials are attracted to magnets
ex.

- holds the magnet

- Nothing happens to the magnet

 In (a) the magnetic field and flux are increasing. The current moves
in the direction to oppose that – to decrease the magnetic field. In (b)
the magnetic field and flux are decreasing. Again, the current moves
in the direction to oppose that. In (c) there is no change in flux, so
there is no induced emf.
Magnetic flux will change if the area of the
loop changes:

Current increases in the direction shown

(clockwise) to maintain original flux.
Magnetic flux will change if the angle between
the loop and the field changes:

Flux is decreasing so the current will go in the

clockwise direction to increase flux.
• When you induce a current by moving a wire
through a magnetic field, is that you're converting
mechanical energy (the energy of the wire's
motion) into electrical energy (the energy carried
by the induced current).
used to transmit power
• Example:
5.4 INDUCTANCE
 Inductance
• Inductance is the property of the electric conductor by which the change in
current produces an electromotive force (emf).
• There are two ways in which inductance is used:
• Self-Inductance
• Mutual Inductance
 Self - Inductance
• Self-inductance is the property of a circuit, often a coil,
whereby a change in current causes a change in voltage
(emf) in that circuit due to the magnetic effect of caused
by the current flow.
• It can be seen that self-inductance applies to a single
circuit - in other words it is an inductance, typically within
a single coil. This effect is used in single coils or chokes.
 Inductance of a Solenoid
• We assume that the solenoid contains N loops, and has length l and cross
sectional area A. The magnetic field through the solenoid is:

• This field run through the entire solenoid, whose loops are stacked. The area
of a single loop is 𝜑 = 𝐵 𝐴. The N loops are stacked on top of one another,
and the flux 𝜑 passes through each loop. The total flux through the solenoid
is:
• Here, N, A, l are constants, so changes in flux are produced by changes in
the current I. Inserting this result for the flux into Faraday’s law, we get:

• The factor in the parentheses is the inductance of the solenoid:

• The voltage across the solenoid is thus

• The negative sign in the voltage across solenoid indicates the polarity of the
voltage. It is conventional practice to speak in terms of the potential drop
across the inductor, which is given by

• Because VL is defined as voltage drop, there is no negative sign in the

equation.
• The unit of inductance is henry (H). Rearranging the equation above as

the units are related by: 1 H = 1 V . s/A

 Formula for Self - Inductance
𝚫𝑰
• 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝚫𝒕
Where: L is the inductance
𝚫𝑰
is the change of current
𝚫𝒕

µ 𝟎 𝑵𝟐 𝑨
• L=
𝒍
Where: µo is the permeability of free space (4.π.10-7)
N is the number of coil turns
A is in the cross-sectional area in m2
l is the coils length in meters
I ; E=-
I ; E=+
 Problem
• A solenoid that 1.5cm long and 6.0mm in radius, with 300 turns of wire.
a.) Calculate the inductance of the solenoid.
Answer: 8.53 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 mH

b.) Calculate the voltage (emf) of the solenoid if the inductor changes from
12 A to 27 A in 125 ms.
Answer: 0.10 V
 Mutual Inductance
• Mutual inductance is an inductive effect where a change in current in one
circuit causes a change in voltage across a second circuit as a result of a
magnetic field that links both circuits. This effect is used in transformers.
𝚫𝒊 µ µ𝑵𝑵𝑨
Formula: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑴 and M = 𝟎 𝒓 𝟏 𝟐
𝚫𝒕 𝒍
Where:
• M is the mutual inductance
𝚫𝒊
• is the change in current
𝚫𝒕
• µo is the permeability of free space (4.π.10-7)
• µr is the relative permeability of the soft iron core
• N is in the number of coil turns
• A is in the cross-sectional area in m2
• l is the coils length in meters
 Problem
• There are two coils that have a number of turns 100 and 200 respectively.
The cross-sectional area and length is 5𝑚2 and 10m. If the relative
permeability is 1000, find the mutual inductance between two coils.’
Answer: 12.57 H
• Calculate the emf of the second coil if the inductor changes from
30 A to 21 A in 70 ns.
Answer: -4.62 X 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖