 Mr.

----------------(09J01A0457)
 Mr. ---------------------(09J01A0458)
 Mr. -------------------(09J01A0473)
-
• The transportation of train always depends on railway tracks (rails)
only .if there is a crack in these rails, it creates a major problem. Most of
the accidents in the train are caused due to cracks in the railway tracks,
which cannot be easily identified. Also it takes more rectify this problem
,we are using the crack detector robot ,which detects the crack in the rails
and gives an alarm

• The finding of cracks in railways tracks takes time consumption due to

manual checking. It reduces the accuracy too. This method of design is
having limited intelligence.

• This system involves the design of crack detecting robot for finding
cracks in railway tracks and to avoid collusion from other trains. This
system uses controller for interfacing the robotic vehicle and crack
detection sensor, the sensing device senses the voltage variations from
the crack sensor and then it gives the signal to the micro controller. The
micro controller checks the voltage variations between measured value
and threshold value and controls the train according to it. When it detects
anything automatically it will send sms to nearest station master.
 An embedded system is some combination of
computer hardware and software, with either fixed or
programmable capabilities, that is specifically
designed for a particular kind of application device.

 Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot

be programmed to do different things.
 Consumer appliances
 Office Automations
 Industrial automation
 Medical electronics
 Computer Networking
 Telecommunications
 Wireless technologies
 Security
Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems
products. Microcontroller is a programmable device.

The Intel 8051 is, single chip microcontroller (µC) which

was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded
systems.
 A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat
panel used for electronically displaying
information such as text, images, and moving
pictures.
 Its uses include monitors for computers,
televisions, instrument panels, and other
devices ranging from aircraft cockpit displays,
to every-day consumer devices such as gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and
telephones.
 Among its major features are its lightweight
construction, its portability, and its ability to be
produced in much larger screen sizes than are
practical for the construction of cathode ray tube
(CRT) display technology.
 Ultrasonic transducers are transducers that convert ultrasound waves
to electrical signals or vice versa. Those that both transmit and receive may also be
called ultrasound transceivers; many ultrasound sensors besides
being sensors are indeed transceivers because they can both sense and transmit.
These devices work on a principle similar to that of transducers used
in radar and sonar systems, which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the
echoes from radio or sound waves, respectively. Active ultrasonic sensors generate
high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the
sensor, measuring the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the
echo to determine the distance to an object. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically
microphones that detect ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions,
convert it to an electrical signal, and report it to a computer.
 The sender is composed of an IR LED
(D2) in series with a 470 Ohm resistor,
yielding a forward current of 7.5mA.
The receiver part is more complicated,
the 2 resistors R5 and R6 form a voltage
divider which provides 2.5V at the
anode of the IR LED (here, this led will
be used as a sensor). When IR light falls
on the LED (D1), the voltage drop
increases, the cathode's voltage of D1
may go as low as 1.4V or more,
depending on the light intensity. This
voltage drop can be detected using an
Op-Amp (operational Amplifier
LM358).
 The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage
generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each
receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers
have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can
accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into
EIA-232 levels.
 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY PER CHANNEL
 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive) PER
CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
 OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
 (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
 INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES
 A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on DC
electricity. It works on the principle of electromagnetism.
A current carrying conductor when placed in an external
magnetic field will experience a force proportional to the
current in the conductor.

They are various methods used to control the speed of a

DC motor. Some of them are:
1. Armature control method
2. Flux control method
3. Ward Leonard system
 GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM

card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like

a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM
modem looks just like a mobile phone

 When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to

use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these
GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet
connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS
and MMS messages.

.
 Keil software

 Keil compiler is a software used where the machine

language code is written and compiled. After compilation,
the machine source code is converted into hex code which
is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further
processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.
 It reduces the man power.

 Crack detecting efficiency is high.

 Accuracy is high.
.

 For the further development of this project we can add

GSM and GPS module to the trains to monitor the
cracks in he track, as the sensor detects the crack on
the track GPS will give exact location and it will b
transmitted to the concerned person through GSM to
his mobile phone anywhere in the world.
