Chapter 1

Lecture
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 Paris Junior College

2401
Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 1
Susan Gossett
sgossett@parisjc.edu
Department of Biology
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 Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4
 1.1: Introduction

• Questions and observations that have led to

knowledge.

• Knowledge about structure and function of the

human body.

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 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

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 1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
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 Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Atom

Organ system
Molecule

Macromolecule

Organ

Organelle
Organism

Cell
Tissue
 Organ Systems
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Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system 9

 Organ Systems
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Nervous system Endocrine system
 Organ Systems
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Cardiovascular system
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Lymphatic system
 Organ Systems
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Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
 Organ Systems
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Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
 1.1 Clinical Application

• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and

into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic

reactions
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 1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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 Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature

• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

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 Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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 Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be

(called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)

(Change is compared
Receptors to the set point.) Effectors
(muscles or glands)

Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.) Response 21
(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.

Receptors Effectors
Thermoreceptors Skin blood vessels
send signals to the dilate and sweat glands
control center. secrete.

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is lost to
rises above normal. surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.

too high

Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)

too low

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is conserved,
drops below normal. temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors Effectors Effectors

Thermoreceptors Skin blood Muscle
send signals to the vessels constrict activity
control center. and sweat glands generates
remain inactive. body heat.

Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals 22
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• short-lived
• do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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 1.6: Organization
of the Human Body

Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity
cavity Pericardial
Diaphragm cavity
Diaphragm

Abdominal
Abdominal cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity (b)

(a)
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 Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes

• Visceral pleura • Parietal peritoneum
• Parietal pleura • Visceral peritoneum
• Visceral pericardium • Parietal perineum
• Parietal pericardium • Visceral perineum

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Serous Membranes
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 1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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 1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out

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Integumentary system
 Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

• Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)
• Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External

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 Body Sections or Planes
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and

inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

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 Body Sections

Median Parasagittal
(midsagittal) plane
plane

Transverse
A section along the (horizontal)
median plane plane

A section along a transverse

plane

Frontal
(coronal)
A section along a frontal
plane
plane

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 Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)

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 Other Body Sections
L
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n
g
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t
u
d
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n
Cross-section a
l

s
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t
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(a) (b) (c)
 Abdominal Subdivisions

Right Left
hypochondriac Epigastric hypochondriac
region region region
Right upper Left upper
quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)
Right Umbilical Left
lumbar region lumbar
region region Right lower Left lower
quadrant quadrant
Right Hypogastric Left
(RLQ) (LLQ)
iliac region iliac
region region

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 Body Regions
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Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose) Occipital
Buccal (cheek)
Oral (mouth) (back of head)
Cervical (neck) Mental (chin)

Sternal
Acromial Acromial
(point of shoulder) Pectoral (point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit) (chest) Vertebral
Mammary (breast) (spinal column)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm) Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
Antecubital (navel) Cubital (elbow)
(front of elbow)
Inguinal Lumbar
Abdominal (lower back)
(abdomen) (groin)

Antebrachial Sacral (between hips)

(forearm) Coxal Gluteal (buttocks)
(hip)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)

(a)
Digital (toe)
(b)
Plantar (sole) 37
 Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
 Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding
of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
 Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
 List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of
each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
 List and describe the major characteristics of life.
 Define and give examples of metabolism. 38
 Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
 List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
 Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
 Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body

 Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

 List the organs located in each major body cavity.

 Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
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thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
 Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
 Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
 Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
 Define aging.
 Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
 Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions.

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 Quiz 1
Complete Quiz 1 now!

Read Chapter 2.

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