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Dry-Bulb
37 49 56 67 73 82
Temperatures
Feed Consumed (grams)
°
32.2 C 44 14
°
27.2 C 56 50
°
22.2 C 61 47
Interaction Between
Temperature and Relative
Humidity
Effective Temperature
Relative Humidity
recommended :
– first three weeks = 60 % to 70 %
– next four weeks = 40% to 60%
Recommend Brooding
Temperature (Ross2003)
Too Low
OK
Optimum Temperature
Maximum
Relative Humidity 60%
Minimum
Average
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
Air quality is critical during the brooding
period.
Ventilation is required during the brooding
period to maintain temperatures at the
targeted level and to allow sufficient air
exchange to prevent the accumulation of
harmful gases such as:
carbon monoxide.
carbon dioxide.
ammonia.
VENTILATION
Gases such as carbon dioxide and
ammonia (in water vapor) are
heavier than oxygen.
If they are present in the house,
they will tend to sink to floor level,
displacing oxygen.
O2
CO2 + NH3
VENTILATION
The result can be the dual problem
of ammonia blindness due to
ammonia concentration at the
floor,
and ascites due to low oxygen at
floor level!.
Lack of Oxygen (High Co2 )
VENTILATION
200 -6 -3 -1
300 -12 -6 -3
400 -8 -4
500 -10 -6
Estimate wind chill effect
broiler chick
40 4.4 0.236
60 15.6 0.353
80 26.7 0.471
Litter temperature
is
critical
Not air temperature.
Over Heating in the first 12-48
hours of brooding
Ernst et. al.4 found that heat stress
at 40°C (environmental temperature)
for one hour significantly reduced
growth rate to 16 days.
The weight difference persisted with
no compensatory gain!
Over Heating in the first 12-48
hours of brooding
Van der Hel et. al.5 examined feed intake
at environmental temperatures over 35-
36°C, especially during the first 48 hours.
He note that exposure to temperatures
above this is critical temperature resulted
in decreased feed intake during the
following 14 days, as well as increased
mortality.
Chilling in the first 12-48 hours
of brooding
Cold stress negatively impacts all
chicks,
– young flock sources suffer the greatest
impact,
– most noticeably reflected as
dehydration or starve-out losses.
Remedial Measures?
Studies have shown that some of the
damage caused by early stress is
irreversible:
A percentage of the genetic potential will
be permanently lost.
Measures can be taken to minimize the
impact of short-term management lapses
and the subsequent performance loss:
Different weight curves depending on
body weight at 7 days of age (1996).
2120
2000
BODY WEIGHT (gms)
1690
1975
1500 1195
1500
1000 720
1000
390
500 600
155
330
0 120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AGE IN WEEKS
Culling
Avoid culling before day 7, especially in
flocks composed of chicks from
– young breeders,
– mixed breeder sources or
– split placements.
Give chicks an opportunity to start.
Culling
By day 7, however, poor chicks should be
obvious.
These struggling chicks will serve as an
infection source and a drain on feed and
floor space.
No amount of medication will fix this
chicks. Cull them from the flock.
Walk the chicks!
When chicks are congregating in feed lids,
along walls or in corners, frequent walking
will force the birds to move out.
This allows the chicks in the center to
access feed and water, and may prevent
sweating due to condensation in the
groups.
Walk the chicks!
Attempt to correct the temperature,
humidity or air movement issues that are
causing the bunching in the first place, but
try to manually keep the chicks spread out
in the meantime.
Be alert to flock differences!
The identical environment may produce
40°C rectal temperatures in chicks from
older flocks but only 38.3-38.9°C rectal
temperatures in chicks from younger
flocks.
Don’t assume that the birds will always
respond to management the same way!.
Be alert to flock differences!
– All of these measures may be helpful
to the borderline chick.
– The unstressed chick does not need
them, and the severely stressed
chick will probably be irreversibly
damaged,
– and ultimately culled.
Vitamins? Electrolytes? Antibiotics?