Chapter 2

Reliability Mathematics

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.1 Samples with defectives (black squares).

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.2 Dual redundant system.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.3 (a) Frequency histogram of a random sample, (b) frequency
histogram of another random sample from the same population, (c) data
of many samples shown with measurement intervals of 0.5.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.4 Continuous probability distribution.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.5 Measures of central tendency.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.6 Typical cumulative distribution function (cdf).

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.7 Probability Density Function (pdf) and
its application to reliability.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.8 The normal (Gaussian) distribution.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.9 (a) The pdf f(x) versus x; (b) the cdf
F(x) versus x (see Example 2.5).

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.10 Extreme value distributions.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.11a Shapes of common failure distributions,
reliability and hazard rate functions (shown in relation to t).

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.11b (Continued).

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.12 Curtailed normal distribution.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.13 Effect of selection.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.14 Skewed distribution.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.15 Bi-modal distribution.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.16 Four distributions with the same means and SDs (after W. A. Shewhart).

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.17 Utilizing Excel’s Goal Seek to find Z-value
corresponding to the 95% confidence interval.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.18 Confidence levels for normal distribution.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.19 Arrival and interarrival values.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 Figure 2.20 Rate of occurrence for superimposed processes.

Practical Reliability Engineering, Fifth Edition. Patrick D. T. O’Connor and Andre Kleyner.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.