Cloning in Quantum information

Presented by: Fatima Azam

 Outlines
• Introduction
• Definition
• Types of cloning
• Quantum cloning
• No cloning theorem
• proof
 Introduction: What it is all about?
• Cloning describes a number of different processes that
can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a
biological entity.
• Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every
single bit of their DNA is identical.
• Human identical twins are clones of each other.
• Collectively refers to processes used to create copies of
DNA fragments.
• Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific
experiments for years, but garnered little attention until
the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1996, a sheep
named Dolly.
 Introduction
• Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned
other animals, including cows and mice.
• No human cloning attempts have been made
because there have been many disadvantages
that involve the cloning of both humans and
animals.
• Quantum cloning that takes an arbitrary,
unknown quantum state and make an exact
copy.
 Definition
• Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical
individuals of an organism either naturally or
artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones
through asexual reproduction.
• Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of
creating clones of organisms or copies
of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning).
Beyond biology, the term refers to the production of
multiple copies of digital media or software.
• The term clone, invented by J. B. S. Haldane, is derived
from the Ancient Greek word κλών klōn, "twig",
referring to the process whereby a new plant can be
created from a twig.
 Types of cloning

Cloning

Artificial
Natural cloning
cloning

Reproductive Therapeutic
cloning cloning
 Types of cloning
• Natural cloning:
In asexual reproduction, a
new individual is generated from a copy of a
single cell from the parent organism. Natural
clones, also known as identical twins, occur in
humans and other mammals. These twins are
produced when a fertilized egg splits, creating
two or more embryos that carry almost
identical DNA.
 Types of cloning
• Artificial cloning:
Artificial cloning is when scientists create genetic
replicas of organisms in ways that would not occur in nature. This is the
stuff of science fiction but also science fact. A classic example of this
process is when Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996. Dolly was created
using a somatic cell from her mother. A somatic cell is a mature body cell,
such as skin, hair and other things.
Here are the highlights for how it worked:
• To clone Dolly, scientists first removed the nucleus from a somatic cell of a
donor sheep. The removed nucleus contained the exact genetic code from
that sheep.
• Scientists then removed the nucleus from another sheep's egg cell and
inserted the first nucleus into it.
• This egg cell developed within a test tube until it was implanted into the
uterus of the surrogate mother sheep.
• Once implanted, it continued to develop into an exact genetic replica of
the donor sheep, also known as a clone. This clone was Dolly.
• Dolly isn't the only animal clone out there. In addition to her, bacteria,
mold, fungi, mice, cows, chickens, cats and dogs, deer, horses, mules,
oxen, rabbits, and monkeys have been cloned.
 Types of artificial cloning
• Reproductive Cloning
Organism cloning involves making an identical
copy of an entire organism. This type of cloning is
also called reproductive cloning.
• Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning involves the cloning of
human embryos for the production of stem cells.
These cells could be used to treat disease. The
embryos are eventually destroyed in this process.
 Quantum cloning
• Quantum cloning is a process that takes an
arbitrary, unknown quantum state and makes
an exact copy without altering the original
state in any way.
• Quantum cloning is forbidden by the laws of
quantum mechanics as shown by the no
cloning theorem.
 No cloning theorem
• No-cloning theorem is fundamental for quantum
mechanics and for quantum information science that
states an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned
perfectly. However, we can try to clone a quantum state
approximately with the optimal fidelity, or instead, we
can try to clone it perfectly with the largest probability.
• The no cloning theorem is a result of quantum
mechanics which forbids the creation of identical
copies of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. It was
stated by Wootters, Zurek, and Dieks in 1982, and has
profound implications in quantum computing and
related fields.
 Proof of no cloning theorem
• Consider two orthogonal states|ψ›,|ɸ.
By the definition of cloning,
U(|ψ›× |0›) = |ψ›× |ψ›
U(|ɸ›× |0›) = |ɸ›× |ɸ›
By linearly,
U[(α|ψ›+ β|ɸ›)× |0›] = α(|ψ›× |0›)+ β(|ɸ›× |0›)
= α|ψ›× |ψ›+ β|ɸ›× |ɸ›
But again by the definition of cloning, we should have
U[(α|ψ›+ β|ɸ›)× |0›] = (α|ψ› + β|ɸ›) × (α|ψ› + β|ɸ›)
=α²|ψ›× |ψ›+ αβ|ψ›× |ɸ› + αβ|ɸ›× |ψ›+ β²|ɸ›× |ɸ›
 Proof
• Therefore,
α²=α¸ αβ=0¸ β²=β
So either
α=0¸ β=0
So,
U[(α|ψ›+ β|ɸ›)× |0›] =α|ψ›× |ψ›+ 0|ψ›× |ɸ› +
0|ɸ›× |ψ›+ β|ɸ›× |ɸ›
U[(α|ψ›+ β|ɸ›)× |0›] = α|ψ›× |ψ›+ β|ɸ›× |ɸ›