Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BJT AMPLIFIER
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
By:
Syahrul Ashikin Azmi
PPKSE
Lecture’s content
Objectives:
– Discuss the effect of circuit capacitances on
frequency response of an amplifier
– Analyze low and high-frequency response of
amplifiers
Topic to be covered:
– Basic concepts
– The Decibel
– Low-frequency amplifier response
– High-frequency amplifier response
– Total amplifier frequency response
Basic concepts
Frequency response of amplifier the change in gain or
phase shift over a specified range of input signal
frequencies.
In linear amplifier analysis assume coupling capacitor
and bypass capacitor short-circuited to signal voltages
and open circuit to dc voltages.
However, capacitor do not change instantaneously from
short cct to open cct as frequency approaches zero.
We also assume transistor is ideal in that o/p signal
respond instantaneously to i/p signal.
But..there are internal capacitances in BJT that affect the
frequency response.
So, our aim is to determine the frequency response of
amplifier cct due to circuit capacitor and transistor
capacitances.
Basic concepts cont..
-Amplifier gain vs frequency-
Cc and CE short cct & Cπ
and Cμ open cct.
Gain almost constant.
Midband
Cμ = Cbc ------ 2 pF ~ 50 pF
Input RC Circuit
Output RC Circuit
Bypass RC Circuit
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Input RC Circuit-
V
Rin
As frequency decreases, Vbase
R 2
X 2 in
XC1 increases less base in
C1
R1S
fcl also known as lower cutoff frequency, lower corner
frequency or lower break frequency.
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Input RC Circuit-
The decrease in voltage gain with frequency is
called the roll-off.
A ten times change in frequency is called a
decade.
For each ten times reduction in frequency
below fc, there is a 20 dB reduction in
voltage gain.
The attenuation measured in dB at each decade
is dB/decade.
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Input RC Circuit-
This typical plot of dB Av
vs frequency is called
Bode plot.
From Bode plot, it is flat
(0dB) down to critical Midrange
frequency, at which point
gain drop at -20dB/
decade. Above fc are the
midrange frequencies.
Sometimes roll-off is Low frequency
expressed in dB/octave,
which is a doubling or
halving of the frequency.
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Input RC Circuit-
Input RC circuit also causes an increasing in phase shift
through amplifier.
At midrange, phase shift is approximately zero since
XC1=0Ω.
At lower frequencies, higher values of XC1 cause a
phase shift and o/p voltage of RC circuit leads i/p
voltage.
1 X C 1
Phase shift in input RC circuit is: tan
At critical frequency, XC1=Rin, so: Rin
1 Rin
tan tan 1 ( 1 ) 450
Rin
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Input RC Circuit-
1
f cl ( output )
2( RC ro RL )C3
R2S
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Output RC Circuit-
RC||RL
R1||R2 R3 S RE ROUTCC
RE R3S
r Rth
R3 S RE
1
Rth RS R1 R2 RoutCC
Ve Ve
ROUTCC
I e ( 1 )I b
( r Rth )I b r Rth
( 1 )I b 1
Low frequency amplifier response cont..
-Bypass RC Circuit-
Given :
R1 RC
62 k C2
= 100, VA = 70 V
2.2 k vO
RS C1 0.1 F
RL
600 0.1 F
10 k
vS
R2
RE C3
22 k 10 F
1.0 k
Therefore,
r = 1.59 k, ro = 42.74 k,
gm = 63 mA/V
Example 2
Low frequency due to C1 and C2 C3
Low frequency due to C1
Output
Miller equivalent circuit
V2
I2
Z
V1
I1 1 1
Z -A
A
1 A
V ZM1 ZM2 V
Z 1 2
V1 Z
V2
I1 1 A 1
I2 1
A
Z
ZM1
1 A Z
ZM 2
Input 1 1
A
Output
Miller Capacitance Effect
C
Z
ZM 2
I1 I2 1
1
Z -A A
ZM1
1 A XC
V1 V2 X CM 2
1
XC 1
X CM 1 A
1 A
1 1
1
1 CM 2 C (1
1
)
CM 1 C (1 A ) A
1
CM 1 C (1 A) -A CM 2 C (1 )
A
C
B C
+
r V C gmV ro
-
C = Cbe E C = Cbc
High-frequency hybrid- model
with Miller effect
B C
r C CMi ro
gmV CMo
E
1 1
CMi C 1 A Cbc 1 A CMo C 1 Cbc 1
A A
A : midband gain
Example 3
Given :
VCC = 10V
= 125, Cbe = 20 pF, Cbc = 2.4 pF,
VA = 70V, VBE(on) = 0.7V
RC
Determine : R1
22 k 2.2 k C2
i-Upper cutoff frequencies vO
RS C1
10 F
ii- Dominant upper cutoff
RL
frequency 600 10 F
2.2 k
vS R2
RE C3
4.7 k
10 F
470
Example 3
High-frequency hybrid- model
with Miller effect for CE amplifier
Ri RS Ro
vo
R1 R2 r
A gm
r R R 56.36 midband gain
RS R1 R2 r o C L
1
CMo Cbc 1 2.4 p 1.018 2.44 pF Miller’s equivalent
1 1
f cu ( input ) 2.59MHz upper cutoff frequency
2RiCin 2389.47157.66 p introduced by input
capacitance
1 1
fcu ( output ) 60.39MHz introduced
upper cutoff frequency
BW f cu ( dom ) f cl ( dom )
Example 4
Total Frequency Response of CE Amplifier
Given : VCC = 5V
R2
VBB VCC 2V
R1 R2
R1 R2
RB 13.2 k
R1 R2
I CQ I B 0.314 mA
Example 4
Transistor parameters value
VT
r 9.94 k
I CQ
VA
ro 318.47 k
I CQ
I CQ
gm 12.08 mS
VT
Example 4
Midband gain
Amid g m
R
B r
R r
r RC RL
RB
o
S
r
o
RC RL 318.47k 2.22k 2.18k
Amid 12.08m
5.67k
2.18k 19.47
7.67k
Example 4
Lower cutoff frequency
1
Due to C1 1 130.38 rad / s R1S RS RB r 7.67 k
R1S C1
1 R2S RL RC ro 8.95 k
Due to C2 2 55.87 rad / s
R2 S C2
1 R3S RE
r R
S RB
94.26
Due to C3 3 1060.9 rad / s 1
R3S C3
3
Dominant Lower cutoff frequency
fL 169 Hz
2
(the highest value)
Example 4
Upper cutoff frequency
Miller Capacitance
1
CMo Cbc 1 1 p 1.051 1.05 pF
A
Cin Cbe CMi 22.67 pF Cout CMo 1.05 pF
Input & output resistances
Ri RS R1 R2 r 1.48 k
Ro RC RL ro 2.18 k
Example 4
upper cutoff frequency
1 1
Input side f Hi 4.74 MHz
2Ri Cin 2 1.48 k 22.67 p
1 1
Output side f Ho 69.53MHz
2RoCout 2 2.18k 1.05 p