Welcome to the Wide World of EM!

ALL of Engineering is impacted by Materials!

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 ME 213 Tentative Schedule
ay Date Textbook Reading Assignment
2 19-Jan-12 Chp1: Intro to Materials
Lb 23-Jan-12 Chp2: Atomic Bonding; Chp3 p-1: Xtal Structure
R2 26-Jan-12 Chp3 p-2: Crystallography; Ch4-4.9-4.11 Microscopy
R2 2-Feb-12 Chp4: Solid Imperfections
R2 9-Feb-12 Chp5: Diffusion
R2 16-Feb-12 Chp18: Electrical Properties; Metals, Semiconductors
R2 23-Feb-12 Chp18: Dielectric Properties; Chp19: Thermal properties
R2 1-Mar-12 Chp20: Magnetic Properties; Chp21: Optical Properties
R2 8-Mar-12 Chp6: Metal Mechanical Properties - 1 & 2
R2 15-Mar-12 Chp6: Metal Mech Props - 3; Chp7: Dislocations & Strengthening - 1
R2 22-Mar-12 Chp7: Dislocations & Strengthening - 2; Chp8: Mech Failure - Fracture
R2 29-Mar-12 Chp8: Mech Failure - Fatigue/Creep; Chp9: Phase Diagrams - 1
R2 5-Apr-12 Chp9: Phase Diagrams - 2; Chp10: Phase Xforms - 1
R2 19-Apr-12 Chp10: Phase Xforms - 2; Chp11: Metals Applications - 1
R2 3-May-12 Chp11: Metals Applications - 2; Chp12: Ceramics
R2 10-May-12 Chp13: Ceramic Applications; Chp14: Polymers
R2 17-May-12 Chp15: Polymer Applications; Chp16: Composites
Chapter Assignments BEFORE class

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 ME-213
• Understand the fundamental concept of Materials
Science & Engineering:

– “There is a direct relationship between a material’s

synthesis & processing (post-manufacture), and its
internal microstructure and observable physical
properties and engineering performance”

• Materials are ENGINEERED Structures

• NOT Black Boxes
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• Class Q: Materials Engineering &
Technology → What is it?

• Investigating the Structures & Properties

of Materials and Correlating these with
the Design or Engineering or Technology
Objectives

Structural Feature Dimension (m)

 Basic Material Atomic Bonding <10-10
Structure Has Missing/Extra Atoms 10-10
Many Crystals (Ordered Atoms) 10-10 - 10-1
Dimensions Second Phase Particles 10-8 - 10-4
Crystal Texturing >10-6
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 Classes of Materials
• From Chem1A Recall The Periodic Table of Elements
Polymers Ceramics
SemiConductors

Metals

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 Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Processing):
 Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Processing):
CG Structure – but with great
care!
Poor “Too
Little”
Good Structure
45KSI YS; 55KSI
UTS

Poor “Too
Much”
 Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Structures)
Looking At CG Iron Alloy Development
(Results)
 Our Text:

Material Science and Engineering

An Introduction
by William D. Callister, Jr

Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials Science
– The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.
• Materials Engineering
– The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a material
to produce a predetermined set of properties based on established
structure-property correlation.
• Four Major Components of Material Science and
Engineering:
– Structure of Materials
– Properties of Materials
– Processing of Materials
– Performance of Materials
 And Remember: Materials “Drive” our
Society!
• Ages of “Man” we survive based on the materials we control
– Stone Age – naturally occurring materials
• Special rocks, skins, wood
– Bronze Age
• Casting and forging
– Iron Age
• High Temperature furnaces
– Steel Age
• High Strength Alloys
– Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age
• Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) – aerospace
• Silicon – Information
• Plastics and Composites – food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher speeds
– Exotic Materials Age?
• Nano-Material and bio-Materials – they are coming and then …
 Doing Materials!
• Engineered Materials are a function of:
– Raw Materials Elemental Control
– Processing History
• Our Role in Engineering Materials then is to understand the
application and specify the appropriate material to do the job
as a function of:
– Strength: yield and ultimate
– Ductility, flexibility
– Weight/density
– Working Environment
– Cost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact*

* Economic and Environmental Factors often are the

most important when making the final decision!
 Example of Materials Engineering
Work – Hip Implant

• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.

Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical strength
(many cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

 Introduction
• List the Major Types of MATERIALS That You
Know:
– METALS
– CERAMICS
– POLYMERS
– COMPOSITES
– ADVANCED MATERIALS
 Introduction, cont.
• Metals • Polymers
– Steel, Cast Iron, – Plastics, Wood, Cotton
Aluminum, Copper, (rayon, nylon), “glue”
Titanium, many others • Composites
• Ceramics – Glass Fiber-reinforced
– Glass, Concrete, Brick, polymers, Carbon Fiber-
Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, reinforced polymers,
SiC Metal Matrix
Composites, etc.
 Thoughts about these “fundamental”
Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– high thermal & electrical conductivity
– opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-

metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– non-conducting (insulators)
 The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
 But:
Properties depend on Structure
(strength or hardness)

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 mm
500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4 mm
300
30 mm
200 30 mm

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

Processing can change structure! (see

And: above structure vs Cooling Rate)
 Another Example: Rolling of Steel

 At h1, L1  At h2, L2
 low UTS  high UTS
 low YS  high YS
 high ductility  low ductility
 round grains  elongated grains

Structure determines Properties but Processing determines

Structure!
 Electrical Properties (of Copper):

6
5
Electrical Resistivity of
Resistivity, r
(10-8 Ohm-m)

4 Copper is affected by:

3 • Contaminate level
• Degree of deformation
2
• Operating temperature
1
0
-200 -100 0 T
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde, (°C)
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)
 THERMAL Properties
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper: --It decreases when
offers low heat conduction. you add zinc!

400

Thermal Conductivity
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 mm is on CD-ROM.)
 MAGNETIC Properties
• Magnetic Permeability
• Magnetic Storage: vs. Composition:
--Recording medium
--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a
is magnetized by
better recording medium!
recording head.

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, 1973. Electronically reproduced
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
 DETERIORATIVE Properties
• Heat treatment: slows
• Stress & Saltwater... crack speed in salt water!
--causes cracks! 10-8 “as-is”
“held at

crack speed (m/s)

160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source:
Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

4 mm
--material:
7150-T651 Al
"alloy"
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Adapted from Fig. 11.26,
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.)
 Course Goal is to make you aware of the
importance of Material Selection by:

• Using the right material for the job.

one that is most economical and
“Greenest” when life usage is considered

• Understanding the relation between

properties, structure, and processing.

• Recognizing new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.
 Composites

• Materials that Consist of

More than One Material Type
– Goal is to Combine the Best
Features of Multiple Materials
• Some Examples
– FiberGlass = Glass (ceramic) +
Polymer
• Strength + Flexibilty
– ReInforced Concrete = Steel +
Concrete
• Tension-Strength +
Compression-Strength
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 BioMaterials

• Defined as Those Materials Which Are

compatible with Human Tissue
– Classic Example = Stainless Steels
used For Bone repair (Screws,
Staples, Plates, Hip-Joints)
• At least a few of ALL other
Classes of Materials are
BioCompatible
– Including Silicon

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 Smart Materials
• Smart Materials  Materials That
Can Sense Changes in the
Environment and Respond with a
Material Shape/Property Change
– Example: "smart" materials that can be
attached to, or embedded in, structural
systems
• enable the structure to sense disturbances,
process the information and through
commands to actuators, to accomplish
some beneficial reaction
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 Ceramics
• Basic Composition is the
MINERAL Form of a Metal
– Very Few Metals Exist in
PURE Form in Nature
• Most That Do are Very Rare, e.g., Gold
• Ceramics are Compounds of Metals and
– Oxygen → Oxides (most Ceramics)
– Carbon → Carbides
– Nitrogen → Nitrides

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 Basic Material Properties

Mechanical properties Thermal expansion

General o
Weight: Density r, kg/m3

Expense: Cost/kg Cm, $/kg

Thermal strain 
Ductile materials Mechanical
Elastic limit,y Stiffness: Young’s modulus E, GPa
Stress 

Expansion
Strength: Elastic limit y , MPa coefficient, 

Fracture strength: Tensile strength ts , MPa Temperature, T

Young’s modulus, E
Brittleness: Fracture toughness KIc , MPa·m1/2 Thermal conduction
Strain  x
Thermal T1 To
Brittle materials
Expansion: Expansion coeff. , 1/K Q joules/sec
Area A
Conduction: Thermal conductivity , W/m·K
 Tensile (fracture)

Heat flux, Q/A

Stress 

strength,  ts
Specific Heat (Capacity), cp or cv, J/kg·K

Electrical Thermal
Young’s conductivity, 
Conductor? Insulator? Conductivity σ, S/m
modulus, E
Strain  Dielectric Capacity, F/m (T1 -T0)/x
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 Material Properties
Property Stimulus Result Terms
Mechanical load deformation, “structural matls”
stress, strain modulus/stiffness,
strength, toughness
Envt./Chemical chemicals, temp corrosion passivity, pollution
(aqueous solution)
Electrical electrical field conductivity “electronic matl.s”
semiconductors,
resistivity, dielectric
Magnetic magnetic field magnetism magnets, hysteresis,
moments
Thermal heat conductivity heat capacity,
thermal expansion
Optical radiation color, index of refraction,
(em, light) transparency reflectivity

• Material performance depends on material properties

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 Material Properties
• Density (g/cm3)

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 Mechanical Properties, con’t
• Tensile Strength (MPa)

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Mechanical Properties, con’t
• Stiffness or Elastic Modulus E (GPa)

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 Mechanical Properties, con’t
• Fracture Toughness [MPa*(m)E0.5]

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 Electrical Properties
• Conductivity (1/Ohm-m)

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Electrical Properties

Increase
resistivity of Cu
• by adding
impurities
• by mechanical
deformation

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 Processing  Structure  Properties (con’t)

• PROPERTIES depend on STRUCTURE

– e.g.; The HARDNESS vs STRUCTURE of Steel
(d) UNtempered
Martensite
600
G10380 + 30mm
500 Ferrite + w/ Pearlite (c)
Cementite
PROCESSING can
400 (b)
Hardness (BHN)

(a) change STRUCTURE

4mm
300 – e.g., STRUCTURE
30mm Tempered vs Cooling-Rate
200 30mm Martensite
for Steel
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s) 40
 Processing  Structure  Properties
• Recrystallization

Strength versus Structure

of Brass
and changes in
microstructure

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 • Thermal Properties

• low from ceramic oxide (structure and conduction

properties)
• changes due to alloying in metals (even though same
structure)

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 Processing  Structure  Properties (con’t)

• Optical
Properties

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Effect of Temperature

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Course Goals, con’t

• Materials are
ENGINEERED
Structures
• NOT Black
Boxes

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 Assignment 1
• Detailed explanation on History of Engineering
Materials. Submit in hand written format with
at least 10 pages.
• Last Date: 09/03/2019

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 Chapter 1
Material Science and Engineering
An Introduction
by William D. Callister, Jr
Quizzes/Assignments, Mid/Terminal Exams will
be from lecture notes and this book!

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