TRIGONOMETRY

PLANE&SOLID GEOMETRY
by: Engr. Roy Andrew Garcia
Plane Angle & Angle Measurements

A plane angle is determined by rotating a ray (half-line) about its

endpoint called vertex.

Conversion Factors:
1 revolution = 360 degrees
= 2π radians
= 400 gradians
= 6400 mils
 Types of Angles
Angle (θ) Measurement
Null Angle θ = 0⁰
Acute Angle 0⁰ < θ < 90⁰
Right Angle θ = 90⁰
Obtuse Angle 90⁰ < θ < 180⁰
Straight Angle θ = 180⁰
Reflex Angle 180⁰ < θ < 360⁰
Perigon (full revolution) θ = 360⁰
 Complementary Angles

Two angles whose

sum of their
measures is 90⁰ 30⁰
60⁰
 Straight Angles
Two angles whose
sum of their
measures is 180⁰

120⁰ 60⁰
1. Find the complement of the angle whose
supplement is 152⁰.
A. 28º C. 118º
B. 62º D. 38º
2. A certain angle has an explement 5 times the
supplement. Find the angle.
A. 67.5 degrees C. 135 degrees
B. 108 degrees D. 58.5 degrees
 Acute Triangle

Has three
acute angles β

α γ
 Obtuse Triangle

Has one
γ
obtuse
angle

α β
 Right Triangle

Has one
right
angle
 Right Triangle

The Pythagorean Theorem:

“In a right triangle, the square
of the length of the hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the
squares of the lengths of the
legs”

c2 = a2 + b2
 Trigonometric Functions
opposite o adjacent a
sin    c ot   
hypotenuse h opposite o
adjacent a hypotenuse h
cos    sec   
hypotenuse h adjacent a
opposite o hypotenuse h
tan    csc   
adjacent a opposite o

SOH-CAH-TOA
3. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower
from a point 40 m. from its base is the
complement of the angle of elevation of the
same tower at a point 120 m. from it. What is
the height of the tower?
A. 59.7 C. 69.3
B. 28.5 D. 47.6
4. One leg of a right triangle is 20 cm and the
hypotenuse is 10 cm longer that the other leg.
Find the length of the hypotenuse.
A. 10 C. 25
B. 15 D. 20
5. A man finds the angle of elevation of the top
of a tower to be 30 degrees. He walks 85 m
nearer the tower and finds its angle of
elevation to be 60 degrees. What is the
height of the tower ?
A. 76.31 m C. 73.16 m
B. 73.31 m D. 73.61 m
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

SINE LAW
a b c
 
sin A sinB sinC
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

SINE LAW
a b c
 
sin A sinB sinC

When to use Sine Law:

• Given two angles and any side.
• Given two sides and an angle
opposite one of them .
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

COSINE LAW
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abcosθ

When to use Cosine Law:

• Given three sides
• Given two sides and their
included angle
6. In a triangle, find the side c if angle C = 100 ,
side b = 20 and side a = 15
A. 28 C. 29
B. 27 D. 26
7. Points A and B 1000 m apart are plotted on a
straight highway running east and west.
From A , the bearing of a tower C is 32
degrees W of N and from B the bearing of C
is 26 degrees N of E . Approximate the
shortest distance of tower C to the highway.
A. 364 m C. 394 m
B. 374 m D. 384 m
 Areas of Triangle
1 h
Given base & altitude: A  bh
2
b
Given all sides a, b & c: a
A T  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
c
b
Given 2 sides & included angle:
1
A T  ab sin 
a
2
θ
b
8. In a given triangle ABC, the angle C is 34°, side
a is 29 cm, and side b is 40 cm. Solve for the
area of the triangle.
A. 324.332 cm2 C. 317.15 cm2
B. 344.146 cm2 D. 343.44 cm2
9. A right triangle is inscribed in a circle such
that one side of the triangle is the diameter of
a circle. If one of the acute angles of the
triangle measures 60 degrees and the side
opposite that angle has length 15, what is the
area of the circle?
A. 175.15 C. 235.62
B. 223.73 D. 228.61
10. The sides of a triangle are 8 cm , 10 cm, and
14 cm. Determine the radius of the inscribed
and circumscribing circle.
A. 3.45, 7.14 C. 2.45, 8.14
B. 2.45, 7.14 D. 3.45, 8.14
Spherical Triangle

c
b

B
a C
 Spherical Triangle
sin a sin b sin c
Law of Sines :  
sin A sin B sin C
Law of Cosines for Sides :
cos a  cos b cos c  sin b sin c cos A
Law of Cosines for Angles :
cos A   cos B cos C  sin B sin C cos a
11. A spherical triangle ABC has sides a = 50°, c =
80°, and an angle C = 90°. Find the third side
“b” of the triangle in degrees.
A. 75.33 degrees C. 74.33 degrees
B. 77.25 degrees D. 73.44 degrees
12. A polygon whose interior vertex angles are
all less than 180 degrees is:
A. concave C. convex
B. irregular D. regular
 Polygon
a closed plane figure bounded by straight line
segments as sides.
13. How many sides have a polygon if the sum of
its interior angles equals the sum of its
exterior angles?
A. 4 B. 5
C. 6 D. 2
14. How many diagonals can be drawn from a 12
sided polygon?
A. 66 C. 54
B. 48 D. 36
Regular Polygons

R
r
 Area of Regular Polygons
Given apothem (radius of inscribed circle):

 180 
A  nr  tan
2

 n 

r
 Area of Regular Polygons
Given length of one side:

nx  180 
2
A  cot 
4  n 

x
 Area of Regular Polygons
Given Radius of circumscribing circle:

nR  360 
2
A  sin 
2  n 

R
15. A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle
whose radius is 12. Find the area of the
octagon.
A. 521.31 C. 407.29
B. 351.27 D. 351.25
16. Find the area of a regular hexagon whose
sides measure 5 cm.
A. 64.95 C. 47.6
B. 96.7 D. 69.5
17. Find the area of a pentagram inscribed in a
circle of radius 10 cm.
A. 112.3 C. 125.4
B. 110.5 D. 117.3
 Quadrilaterals

1
Area of Trapezoid: A  (b1  b2 )h
2

Area of Parallelogram:
1
A  bh A  d1d2 sin  A  ab sin 
2
a
h d2 θ
b b
d1
 Quadrilaterals

1
Area of Trapezoid: A  (b1  b2 )h
2

Area of Parallelogram:
1
A  bh A  d1d2 sin  A  ab sin 
2
a
h d2 θ
b b
d1
 Quadrilaterals
Area of Rhombus:
1
A  hs A  d1d2 A  s sin  2
2
a
h d2 θ
s b
d1
18. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 18 cm
and 30 cm respectively. One side of a
parallelogram is 12 cm. Find the area of the
parallelogram.
A. 214 C. 361
B. 216 D. 108
19. Find the area of a trapezoid whose median is
32 cm and whose altitude is 6.
A. 150 C. 164
B. 142 D. 192
 Solid Geometry

Prism: V= Bh

Pyramid/Cone: V= ⅓Bh
20. The length of the side of a rhombus is 5 cm.
If its shorter diagonal is of length 6 cm. What
is the area of the rhombus?
A. 24 cm2 C. 18 cm2
B. 14 cm2 D. 25 cm2
21. A cylinder is circumscribed about a right
prism having a square base one meter on an
edge. The volume of the cylinder is 6.283 cu.
m. Compute its altitude.
A. 3 C. 5.4
B. 4 D. 2.5
22. The volume of a right prism is 234 cu. m.
with an altitude of 15 m. If the base of the
prism is an equilateral triangle, find the length
of the base edge.
A. 5 C. 6
B. 10 D. 8
23. The volume of a truncated prism with an
equilateral triangle as its horizontal base is
equal to 3600 cu. cm. The vertical edges at
each corners are 4, 6, and 8 cm., respectively.
Find one side of the base.
A. 37.22 cm C. 25.34 cm
B. 15.64 cm D. 30.52 cm
24. A wedge is cut from a cylinder of radius 3 m
by two planes, one perpendicular to the axis
of the cylinder and the other passing through
the diameter of the section made by the first
plane and inclined to this plane at an angle of
45ْ . Find the volume of the wedge?
A. 18 m3 C.28 m3
B. 16 m3 D. 21 m3