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COMPUTATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS
SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS
from internal reg to another, from main mem to reg or from reg to
mem
involve passing binary data through the processor's ALU and uses
some combination of logic gates to operate on it, producing a results
in the form of condition codes or flags (positive/negative,
zero/nonzero, carry/nocarry, etc)
allow programs to make decisions based on input and the results of prior
calculations
I/O INSTRUCTIONS
provide for the transfer of data to and from I/O device interfaces
SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS
DIRECT ADDRESSING
REGISTER ADDRESSING
INDIRECT ADDRESSING
INDEXED ADDRESSING
one of the bit fields of the instruction contains the binary value to to be
operated upon. the operand is available immediately because the
operand fetch phase of instruction execution is done concurrently with
the first phase, instruction fetch
good for quick access to constants that known when the program is
written but not useful for access to variables
costly
DIRECT ADDRESSING
sometimes referred to as absolute addressing
useful for referencing scalar variables but has a limited utility for
strings, arrays and other data structures
REGISTER ADDRESSING
where operand resides in the CPU register, logically equivalent to
direct addressing because it explicitly specifies the operand's
location
CPU must locate the pointer, obtain the contents and use those
contents as the address for reading and writing the operand
most arch. use stack addressing for data transfers but some
machines have computational instructions that retrieve an operand
and store a result in the memory stack.
Memory register vs. Load-store architecture
Memory Register
Advantage
Architecture are fairly obvious. First of all, assembly
language coding is simplified.
Disadvantage
it makes the control unit design more complex.
Memory register vs. Load-store architecture
Load-Store architecture
o only the data transfer instructions (typically named “load” for reading
data from memory and “store” for writing data to memory) are able
to access variables in memory.
Register set
The rains of the outfit, the prime mover behind everything that
happens in the processor and the rest of the system.