Figure 5-1

Different Conversion Schemes

 Digital to Analog Conversion
• Digital data needs to be carried on an analog signal.

• A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs the function of transporting

the digital data in an analog waveform.

• The analog carrier signal is manipulated to uniquely identify the

digital data being carried.

5.2
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog conversion

5.3
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog conversion

5.4
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics
of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.

5.5
• A wave is defined by three characteristics: amplitude, frequency, and phase.

• When we vary anyone of these characteristics, we create a different version of that wave. So,
by changing one characteristic of a simple electric signal, we can use it to represent digital
data.

• Any of the three characteristics can be altered in this way, giving us at least three
mechanisms for modulating digital data into an analog signal:

• amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying
• (PSK).

• In addition, there is a fourth (and better) mechanism that combines changing both the
amplitude and phase, called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

• QAM is the most efficient of these options and is the mechanism commonly used today

5.6
• Data element (bit, byte)-data element is an atomic unit of data that has
precise meaning
• Signal element -A signal element is the shortest unit of a digital signal.
• Data elements are what we need to send;
• signal elements are what we can send.
• Data elements are being carried; signal elements are the carriers.
• Data rate-The speed with which data can be transmitted from one device to
another.
• Data rates are often measured in megabits (million bits) or megabytes
(million bytes) per second. These are usually abbreviated as Mbps and
MBps,respectively.
• Another term for data transfer rate is throughput (maximum rate).
• Number of signal elements transmitted per second is signal rate.

5.7
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal to
reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal.

• For example: a digital “1” could not affect the signal, whereas a digital
“0” would, by making it zero.

• The line encoding will determine the values of the analog waveform
to reflect the digital data being carried.

5.8
Figure 5.3 Binary amplitude shift keying

5.9
 Figure 5.4 Implementation of binary ASK

In telecommunications, a carrier wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a

waveform that is modulated with an input signal for the purpose of
conveying information. This carrier wave usually has a much higher
frequency than the input signal does

5.10
 Frequency Shift Keying
• The digital data stream changes the frequency of the carrier signal, fc.

• For example, a “1” could be represented by f1=fc +Df, and a “0” could
be represented by f2=fc-DF.

5.11
Figure 5.6 Binary frequency shift keying

5.12
 Phase Shift Keyeing
• We vary the phase shift of the carrier signal to represent digital data.

• PSK is much more robust than ASK as it is not that vulnerable to noise,
which changes amplitude of the signal.

5.13
Figure 5.9 Binary phase shift keying

5.14
Note

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

combination of ASK and PSK.

5.15